{"id":1141,"date":"2019-11-14T18:01:15","date_gmt":"2019-11-14T17:01:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=1141"},"modified":"2022-05-09T14:18:49","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T12:18:49","slug":"bordeaux-a-marriage-of-prestige-and-risk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/11\/14\/bordeaux-a-marriage-of-prestige-and-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"Bordeaux: a marriage of prestige and risk"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bordeaux: The name evokes a majestic setting with the largest estuary in Europe and prestigious architecture, technologies and agriculture. It is also linked to a series of floods &#8211; some were lethal &#8211; economic declines but also to Real Estate speculations and gentrifications, and finally to controversial technological tools.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So how to find one&#8217;s way through all those contradictions? Can one settle in this agglomeration and build a long term project? Is it wise to invest into Stock shares or Real Estate capital?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After a presentation of the different prestigious assets of the Bordeaux metropolis and the Gironde estuary, we will look, first, at the intrinsic risks of the geographical and urban context of the agglomeration, and then to the socio-economic development of the city.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(Cover photo: <span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">the luxury liner Seven Seas Explorer, a gross tonnage of over 55,000 tons and measuring 224 meters in length<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CRUISEMAPPER, <em>Seven Seas Review and Specifications<\/em>, [consulted on the 11\/11\/2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cruisemapper.com\/ships\/Seven-Seas-Explorer-1038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cruisemapper.com\/ships\/Seven-Seas-Explorer-1038<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, at her moorings at the quay of the Garonne River, Central Bordeaux. Her fuel engines are turning in order to provide power to the vessel. Photo: BdF, September 26th 2019.)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 align=\"justify\">Bordeaux&#8217;s Assets<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The largest architectural ensemble of the eighteenth century, with its classic limestone style that runs along the banks of the Garonne, the city appears from the outset among the most beautiful cities in the world. This majestic beauty, while operating itself in a harmonious way in its dimensions, its perspectives and its colors, is accompanied by a terroir product that is famous and reproduced on several continents, the wine, and more precisely the <i>Grands Crus Class\u00e9s<\/i> whose bottles display prices starting from several hundred euros per unit without being able to provide the demand.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The development of the defense, aeronautics and pharmacy industries contributes to the scientific and economic influence of Bordeaux. Being a researcher in this region can prove to be an excellent position: buoyant sectors in region whic one likes for for its mild ocean temperatures, for the proximity of the Bassin d&#8217;Arcachon and the seaside, and, a little further to the south, the Pyrenees mountains <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Pourtalet Pass, located next to the Pic du Midi of Ossau, 2884 m high.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The arrival of the High-Speed-Train, or TGV<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Train \u00e0 Grande Vitesse. Commercial speed is at 320 km\/h and links Paris to Bordeaux in 2 hours.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, in the Girondine capital, in parallel with all the facades restoration works undertaken for thirty years, crowns an era of prosperity, rejuvenation and entry of the city into the twenty-first century through a chic and fashioned trend.&nbsp;<span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">In addition, and as another sign of the development of the Bordeaux agglomeration, a project of a metropolitan express railways network (also called <em>RER<\/em>, or <em>R\u00e9seau Express R\u00e9gional<\/em>, in reference to the Paris regionial train) is currently on track [3]. This network will use the existing tracks, with the necessary technical improvements, and will extend the local service to a radius of 50 km around the train stations of Saint-Jean and Talance M\u00e9doquine as well as that of Bouscat Sainte-Germaine which should come into service in 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus Bordeaux gets into a connected and mobile trend of high-added value, in a stylish urban setting or, to use a buzzword, gentrification.&nbsp;Even if a mix-up effort exists, with the establishment of social housing (but of which categories?), in accordance with the ANRU Act, obliging any city to dedicate 25% of its housing stock to social dwellings, the average price of Bordeaux property has increased by 38% over the last four years .<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1215\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1215\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1215 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-chic-1024x316.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-chic-1024x316.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-chic-300x93.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-chic-768x237.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1215\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left, September 26th, 2019: the Grand Theater, built in 1780 by the architect Victor Louis in the classical style. Place de la Com\u00e9die, recently refitted with the arrival of the tram, welcomes an urban population, chic, connected and mobile. Right, September 27th, 2019: The Pont de Pierres (Stone Bridge) ordered by Napoleon I and completed in 1822, despite the technical difficulties due to the width of the Garonne at this location (almost half a kilometer) and to the tidal currents. Photos: BdF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1217\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1217\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1217 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-1024x479.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-1024x479.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Centre-de-Bordeaux-768x359.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1217\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city center of Bordeaux offers two types of urbanism: very open places, like the Place des Quinquonces, and mazes of alleyways, often pedestrians, like the Camille Sauvageau street, in the St Michel district. That quarter, once popular, has now become a bourgeois-bohemian neighborhood (or <em>Bobo<\/em> as the French say). For both types of urban planning, there is the presence of greenery that airs the areas and shows the opulence of the latter. Photos: BdF, September 26th, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1233\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1233\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1233 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Plage-dArcachon-1024x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Plage-dArcachon-1024x508.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Plage-dArcachon-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Plage-dArcachon-768x381.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1233\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">The beach of Arcachon. Photo: BdF, October 23rd, 2019.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1234\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1234\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1234 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bassin-dArcachon-1024x599.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bassin-dArcachon-1024x599.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bassin-dArcachon-300x175.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bassin-dArcachon-768x449.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bassin-dArcachon.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1234\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lights of an autumnal end of the day on the Arcachon Basin, from the Belisaire jetty. Photo: BdF, October 23rd, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1181\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1181\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1181 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Le-March\u00e9-des-Douves-CC-1024x497.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Le-March\u00e9-des-Douves-CC-1024x497.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Le-March\u00e9-des-Douves-CC-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Le-March\u00e9-des-Douves-CC-768x373.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1181\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The <em>March\u00e9 des Douves<\/em> (Moat Market), in the Saint-Michel district. This place, which rests on a spine from the basilica of the same name, just next to the Garonne river, to the Capuchin Market. To the north-east of this place des Capucins, at the corner of the <em>rue des Douves<\/em> and <em>rue Marbotin<\/em>, is an old hall that serves as a place of exhibition today and which hosts the non-profit organisation <em>la Halle des Douves<\/em>. This municipal association, probably in reaction to the gentrification of the district, wants the <em>March\u00e9 des Douves<\/em> building to be creating place of mixed and intercultural links and words<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">LA HALLE DES DOUVES, <em>Le projet associatif (<\/em>The association project), [consulted on 10\/11\/2019], available on: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.douves.org\/lallee-des-douves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.douves.org\/lallee-des-douves\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>with also a commercial dimension. Exhibitions reminiscent of local life when the district was still popular, before the great wave of rehabilitation started more than thirty years ago, with an acceleration since the arrival of the high-speed rail line (TGV). Photos: BdF, September 27th, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1254\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1254\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1254 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Exposition-sur-les-anciens-habitants-de-St-Michel-1024x385.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Exposition-sur-les-anciens-habitants-de-St-Michel-1024x385.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Exposition-sur-les-anciens-habitants-de-St-Michel-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Exposition-sur-les-anciens-habitants-de-St-Michel-768x289.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1254\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Exhibition about the old quarter St Michel. At the <em>March\u00e9 des Douves<\/em> (Moat Market), last September, an exhibition offered testimonials from former residents of the neighborhood and showed where the old trades used to happen. Photo: BdF, 27\/09\/2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1204\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1204\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1204 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Chantiers-de-r\u00e9hab-Bordeaux-CC-comp-1024x357.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Chantiers-de-r\u00e9hab-Bordeaux-CC-comp-1024x357.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Chantiers-de-r\u00e9hab-Bordeaux-CC-comp-300x105.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Chantiers-de-r\u00e9hab-Bordeaux-CC-comp-768x268.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left: deep rehabilitation site of a building in front of the St Jean train station in Bordeaux. The client kept only the facade, like a decor, to build, in fact, a new building. In the middle: facelift site, rue de Planterose, in the St Michel district. On the right, rehabilitated building, place Duburg. One can notice the contrast between the cleaned building and the one on its right. Two remarks: 1. The traces of pollution have especially marked the ground floor and the entresol, proof that the polluting particles mainly remain at the ground, and&nbsp; pedestrians&#8217;, level. 2. The contrast between the building that has benefited from the work and the other one will encourage the neighboring (co)property to also perform a facade renovation. Thus, a virtuous circle is created in the neighborhood. Photos: BdF, September 27th, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1208\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1208\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1208 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Gare-multimodale-de-Bordeaux-St-Jean-2-1024x342.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Gare-multimodale-de-Bordeaux-St-Jean-2-1024x342.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Gare-multimodale-de-Bordeaux-St-Jean-2-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Gare-multimodale-de-Bordeaux-St-Jean-2-768x256.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1208\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: esplanade of the St Jean train station, Bordeaux. This multimodal space, located in the city center, allows to manage flows that are local (bicycle, tram and bus), regional (normal trains including the shuttle to the Arcachon Basin) and (inter)national (TGV and bus to the M\u00e9rignac airport). Photo on the right: one notice the harmony between the lines and the colors of the TGV with the perspectives and the natural lights of the building industrial glass and iron work. The high-speed line was commissioned on July 2nd, 2017. Photos: BdF, September 27th, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1398\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1398\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1398 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Pont-Chaban-Delmas-G\u00e9n\u00e9rale-et-d\u00e9tail-1-1024x676.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Pont-Chaban-Delmas-G\u00e9n\u00e9rale-et-d\u00e9tail-1-1024x676.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Pont-Chaban-Delmas-G\u00e9n\u00e9rale-et-d\u00e9tail-1-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Pont-Chaban-Delmas-G\u00e9n\u00e9rale-et-d\u00e9tail-1-768x507.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1398\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jacques Chaban-Delmas Bridge, downstream from the Aquitaine Bridge. This structure, designed by the architects Lavigne (father &amp; son) and the engineer Michel Virlogeux (X, Ponts), was put into service in March 2013. It can lift its walkway 55 meters high and thus allow the passage of large maritime vessels. Even if Virlogeux denies it [5], these towers seem to be the centerpieces of this bridge: not only do they raise the central part of the structure, but they stand guard, like vestals, on the river and keep watch on both land and naval traffics. Photos: BdF, September 26th, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Flood risks<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Once we have admired these 18th century facades and these recent technological prowess, let us enter a little more into the daily realities of the city, not only those experienced today but also those belonging to the past. Indeed, this past continues to deeply influence the landscape and to pose challenges to the (peri)urban inhabitants of the Bordeaux metropolis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bordeaux regularly undergoes the onslaught of the Garonne: between April 5th and 7th of 1770, the river rose to 8.52 m; in June 1855, the water level reached 10.32 m. In 1879, the floods of the Garonne basin caused more than 500 deaths. In Bordeaux, the flood was aggravated <i>by strong tides [and submerged] the <\/i><i>warves<\/i><i> of both banks<\/i><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">SALOMON Jean-Noel, &#8220;The flood in the lower valley of the Garonne and the estuary of the Gironde during the &#8220;storm of the century&#8221; (27-28 December 1999)&#8221; in <i>G\u00e9omorphologie : relief, processus, environnement<\/i> n\u00b02, 2002, Universit\u00e9 Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux-3, p 128.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the month of February 1979, the Girondine capital is flooded. The water rises to 9.60 m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1981, the same conditions as those of 1879 are reproduced: heavy rainfall accumulated with a high tide floods Bordeaux again. Between 13th and 15th December 1981, the flood rises up to 9.50 m in the municipality of Marmande yet located about 100 km upstream of the river, so at a place where the flow is lower than in Bordeaux.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On March 18th 1988, the same tide-storm phenomenon <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">idem.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> is repeated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On December 27th and 28th, 1999, an identical type of event comes again: a violent storm combined with high tidal coefficients leads to a high flood: 7.05 m water level in Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand, city located a few km downstream from Bordeaux, althought the planned level was 4.60 m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, even if local officials often call floods phenomena &#8220;unpredictable&#8221;, statistics and historical reports show that not only Bordeaux, but also the whole Gironde River basin, are located in territories with significant stakes and high vulnerability to floods because of their geographical and urban characteristics.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nuclear power plants need water to both turn their electromagnetic turbines and cool them. They must therefore be located near the sea or a river, like the Braud-et-Saint-Louis plant in the Blayais. <span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">The latter was flooded during the December 1999 storm and its security system was partially damaged, <\/span>despite the presence of dikes whose height had been calculated according to the tide level but without taking into account the accumulation of several meteorological movements: strong flow coefficients (greater than 110 on a scale of 120), heavy rainfall, atmospheric depression, storm and swell. If we take into account all the parameters, including the morphology in the funnel of the Gironde estuary that increases the waves, according to the geo-physicist Jean-Noel Salomon, <em>we are far from the count [ &#8230;] even with dikes that are high up to 8 m.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It should also be remembered that the 1999 incident will have cost, at the time, a whopping 70 million francs. <span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">The flood could have led to a more serious nuclear problem. Thus, this type of hazard can also lead to technological risks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To these geomorphological and atmospheric data must be added two facts likely to increase the probability of flooding: the artificialization of soil and global warming. The first is in the short term, the second is in a longer-term perspective but one can already feel its effects. In my article on floods in Paris and London, and based on the work of Lazaro<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">LAZARO TR, <em>Urban hydrology: a multidisciplinary perspective (revised edition)<\/em>, ed Technomic Publishing Co, Inc., 1990, USA, p : 19.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, I showed that when land is completely artificialized (concrete parking for example) and so that the water can not infiltrate the ground, not only the flow is increased by three but the latter happens three times faster. Concreting a lowland meadow, especially if it is located in the major bed of a watercourse, may cause a flood three times higher and three times faster.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1242\" style=\"width: 796px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1242 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Flood-Curb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"796\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Flood-Curb.jpg 796w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Flood-Curb-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Flood-Curb-768x606.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a flood before and after artificialisation. This graph shows the flow of a flood, in cubic feet, and the time required, in hours, to reach the highest level of the flood before and after the same ground has been concreted. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand , <em>Urbanisation And Floods (London &amp; Paris)<\/em>, 6th July 2019, [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/07\/06\/urbanisation-and-the-fluvial-risk-factor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/07\/06\/urbanisation-and-the-fluvial-risk-factor\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1221\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1221\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1221 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Carte-Estuaire-de-la-Gironde-1-883x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"928\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Carte-Estuaire-de-la-Gironde-1-883x1024.jpg 883w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Carte-Estuaire-de-la-Gironde-1-259x300.jpg 259w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Carte-Estuaire-de-la-Gironde-1-768x890.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Carte-Estuaire-de-la-Gironde-1.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1221\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gironde: the largest estuary in Europe. The circle indicates the location of the Blaye nuclear power station, already flooded during the storm of December 1999. The funnel shape and the NO-SE orientation favor the effect of ocean winds, especially when they take a tempestuous character. If these two data (funnel and storm) were to be increased by all the weather effects conducive to a flood, the banks of the Gironde and the Garonne could have to face water levels never officially reached so far. Although additional safety measures have been taken since 2000, the risk has been largely undervalued in the case of cumulated parameters, according to hydrologist Jean-No\u00ebl Salomon. Source: Geoportal<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geoportail.gouv.fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.geoportail.gouv.fr<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Pollution Risks<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pollution from (peri)urban transport continues to be a problem for Bordeaux. The city has chosen to pedestrianize many of its downtown streets. This option has ecological interests especially since it is accompanied by the creation of parking on its periphery, near the terminus of the Tramway lines: the inhabitants of the distant suburbs take their cars, park them away from the city center then take public transport. This multimodal offer, which is found in other provincial agglomerations, such as Metz for example, has the advantage of reducing automobile traffic in the historic hyper-center and thus reducing pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To these advantages are opposed several questions: what was the ecological impact of the construction of the tramway? How much did it cost? Professor emeritus Michel Carmona reminds us that we need to emit 1 metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> to produce 1 metric ton of steel and that the tramway solution is expensive compared to conventional buses. These buses, equipped with electric batteries, or trolleybuses such as those in Lausanne, could have done the same service, but with a much cheaper price and a much smaller pollution and GHG impact. But it is true that a tendency towards industrial protectionism, or <i>I<\/i><i>ndustrial <\/i><i>C<\/i><i>olbertism<\/i>, has influenced the choice for a tramway <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CARMONA Michel &amp; al., <em>Tramway, le co\u00fbt d&#8217;une mode<\/em> (Tramway, the cost of a fashion), Orleans (France), Paradigm, 2001, p 10 , 67 &amp; 133.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">What has been the tramway impact on local commerce? Indeed, customers can no longer make major purchases when they can no longer use their personal vehicle, unless they have their shopping transported which has a significant additional cost.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The presence of giant cruise ships, like the <i>Seven Seas Explorer<\/i>, docked next to the Bourse du Commerce on last September 26th, contributes to emit, in terms of pollutants and GHGs, the equivalent of hundreds of cars. A simple solution would be to connect the building&#8217;s internal systems to the city&#8217;s electric grid: this would not only remove the pollution during the berthing but would also bring additional revenue to the city through the sale of a power supply package. One can note that I have defined this luxury liner as &#8220;giant&#8221; compared to other river boats. In a more global reality, the <em>Seven Seas Explorer<\/em> is considered as a modest-sized maritime vessel (as a reminder: 54,000 tons and 224 meters in length) when compared to the 227,000-ton <em>Mariner of the Seas<\/em> mastodon, measuring more than 362 meters long! But regardless of size, the basic problem is that these floating cities, behind the shared dreams, emit when, they are docked, a large amount of pollutants and GHGs in the urban air because their systems are not connected to the port networks. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ESCACH M\u00e9lanie, <em>Les 21 plus grand bateaux de croisi\u00e8re au monde<\/em> (The 21 largest cruise ships in the world), February 21st, 2016, [consulted on 11th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/generationvoyage.fr\/plus-grands-bateaux-croisiere-monde\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/generationvoyage.fr\/plus-grands-bateaux-croisiere-monde<\/span><\/a>\/<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1226\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1226\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1226 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Parking-Tramway-1024x252.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Parking-Tramway-1024x252.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Parking-Tramway-300x74.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Parking-Tramway-768x189.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1226\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Parking at the Galin station, Eastern end of Bordeaux, just before Cenon town. This type of layout has the advantage of keeping cars &#8211; polluting and space-consuming devices &#8211; outside the center of the agglomeration. The process is as follows: one parks, one pays one&#8217;s place and one goes to public transport station\/stop (tram and bus in this case).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">TBM, <em>Plan du r\u00e9seau tram <\/em>(Tram Network Map), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infotbm.com\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2019-06\/GD_PLAN_TRAM_DEC2018_HD.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.infotbm.com\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2019-06\/GD_PLAN_TRAM_DEC2018_HD.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 align=\"justify\">Economic risks<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In my opinion, the main obstacle to a real economic development of Bordeaux, by the intrinsic power of its agglomeration, lies in its ability to stand out from the Paris region. It would still be necessary, as indicated in my articles on Metz, that France begins a true decentralization. For now, the opposite is true: the capital now controls 30% of French GDP (against 20% in 2011). As a move of the executive and legislative powers in the second French agglomeration, Lyon, seems to be a pure utopia <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">in ancient times, Lugdunum was the capital of Gaul.) A sign on the Autoroute du Sud (South Highway) reminds motorists that historical fact<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, it is more likely that, if the European Union continues to be built, the decentralization of France will come, precisely, from Europe with the executive and legislative powers in Brussels and Strasbourg (Parliament is also there, half time) and this will contribute to the economic influence of the different regions metropolicies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, the French hypercentralization represents an economic risk for Bordeaux &#8211; the Girondine capital could be confined to a simple role of local satellite or subcontractor with the TGV to ensure the link with the national decision makers &#8211; but the EU offers a track, which already exists, to provide a more autonomous political framework. Bordeaux would have everything to gain by continuing its development in partnership not only with the sprawling Paris region, which now controls 30% of French GDP, but also with other French cities such as Toulouse and its aeronautics as well as Spanish ones like San Sebasti\u00e1n, Bilbao, Burgos or Madrid. Partnerships exist in different fields: political science education between Bordeaux and Madrid (SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX, Filli\u00e8re integrated France-Spain (Madrid), [consulted on 12\/11\/2019] Available on: <a href=\"https:\/\/ www. sciencespobordeaux.fr\/fr\/formation\/diplome-d-institut-d-etudes-politiques\/double-international-diploms-cycle4\/filiere-integree-france-espagne-madrid-fife-ICOZGXQO.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https: \/\/ www. sciencespobordeaux.fr\/fr\/formation\/diplome-d-institut-d-etudes-politiques\/double-international-diploms-cycle4\/filiere-integree-france-espagne-madrid-fife-ICOZGXQO.html<\/a>)), culture (town planning ?) through a twinning with Bilbao <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BORDEAUX, <em>Jumelage Bordeaux-Bilbao<\/em> (Twinning Bordeaux-Bilbao), [consulted on the 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/ebx\/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=presentationStandard&amp;id= 5523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/ebx\/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=presentationStandard&amp;id=<\/span> 5523<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Industry also holds its place since Spain imports products made from wood and chemistry produced in the Landes region<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">FERRET Benjamin, <em>Infographie. L&#8217;Espagne, partenaire \u00e9conomique privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 des Landes<\/em> (Infographic. Spain, privileged economic partner of the Landes), March 6th, 2018, [Consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sudouest.fr\/2018\/03\/06\/infographie-l-spagne-parten-aire-economique-privilegie-des-landes-4257119-3452.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sudouest.fr\/2018\/03\/06\/infographie-l-spagne-parten-aire-economique-privilegie-des-landes-4257119-3452.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> as it also produces French touristic cars. Public works and transport play an important role in enabling the exchange of goods and people between the Bordeaux metropolis and its Spanish neighbors, notably via road, rail and airport infrastructures<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BATIACTU, <em>La relance du projet d&#8217;autoroute ferroviaire atlantique avec l&#8217;Espagne est confirm\u00e9e<\/em> (The relaunch of the Atlantic rail motorway project with Spain is confirmed), 28\/10\/2015, [Consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.batiactu.com\/edito\/relance-projet-autoroute-ferroviaire-atlantique-avec-42592.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.batiactu.com\/edito\/relance-projet-autoroute-ferroviaire-atlantique-avec-42592.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. In developping those partnerships, Bordeaux and the Bassin d&#8217;Arcachon could then offer their full personality, that is to say a mixture of both Northen and Southern cultures.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From the social point of view, the transformations of the Bordeaux metropolis do not go without damage. Thus, the rehabilitations of buildings in the Saint-Michel district have changed the population and spirit of this once popular place. On one hand, the renovation of facades leads to a virtuous spiral: once a building has benefited from work, its &#8220;new&#8221; aspect will encourage the neighboring (co)property to also perform the same type of work. The whole place will therefore proceed to a wave of maintenance of real estate assets and develop the building and property (hire-sale, management, consulting) businesses. However, families with modest incomes are gradually, over the decades, driven out of the St Michel district and are replaced by <em>Bobos<\/em> (Bohemian Bourgeois) with high incomes and\/or financial wealth as well as a cultural baggage and a demand to which the local exhibitions will endeavor to respond, such as those created by the association &#8220;la Halle des Douves&#8221;. The latter will try to &#8220;revive&#8221; the atmosphere of the neighborhood of the past, or at least that fantasized by couples of senior executives, just as the XVIIIth Century Parisian aristocracy and bourgeoisie imagined an ideal world populated with shepherds and shepherdesses, as evidenced by the paintings of Wateaux (<em>The pastoral pleasure<\/em>, <em>The shepherds<\/em>). Nevertheless, a form of nostalgia emerges from some of these cultural events in the Saint-Michel district, as if some of the authenticity had left in the luggage of the popular families.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Money attracting money, another social and medical problem also arises and that Mayor Nicolas Florian denounces viva voce: <em>Saint-Michel is a sector almost in impunity for those who do drug trafficking<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ALLEVI Jean-Jacques, \u00ab La s\u00e9curit\u00e9, enjeu de campagne \u00bb (Security, A Political Stake, in Le Point (&#8220;Bordeaux after Jupp\u00e9&#8221; dossier), 24th October 2019, p VII et VIII.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. If measures such as <em>illotage<\/em>, that is to say the development of a proximity police, or the reinforcement of night patrols<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">idem<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> seem to be unanimous, it remains that in this area, the inner solution relies in the demand. If that one drops or stops, the market will do the same. Associations can play an important role in creating social bonds in today&#8217;s &#8220;hyper-connected&#8221; urban world, a world with its challenges (loneliness) and hopes (making sense of everyday life through neighborhood life rich of its inhabitants).<\/p>\n<h2 align=\"justify\">Diversification must continue to get a more serene future<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In short, Bordeaux has assets in different areas that, if used properly, can offer it a prominent place not only in France but also in southern and western Europe. Indeed, Hispanic tourists are not lacking in the Girondine capital (tourist signs are also in Spanish).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The economic apparatus of Bordeaux must continue to diversify: some of its advanced industries are subject to debate as the Laser Megajoule, a giant laboratory for the simulation of nuclear bombs that is to say weapons of mass destruction, or the <i>Rafale<\/i>, a hyper-sophisticated (and expensive!) combat aircraft produced by the Dassault company, who will be able to carry and launch these atomic weapons <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&#8220;With the Rafale, India feels ready to face Pakistan&#8221;, in Courrier Interntional, October 9, 2019, [consulted on the 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/review-de-presse\/defense-with-the-facial-lindia-its-prefer-the-pakistan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/review-de-presse\/defense-with-the-facial-lindia-its-prefer-the-pakistan<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. More, the training of foreign pilots (currently Indian) in addition to the French Air Force ones, cause even more noise nuisance to the local population, may it be human or animal.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">HUPPENOIRE Camille, &#8220;M\u00e9rignac: with the Rafale, residents fear new noise&#8221;, in <i>France Bleue Gironde<\/i>, April 7th 2019, [consulted on the 12th November 2019]. Available at:] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francebleu.fr\/infos\/societe\/merignac-avec-le-falle-les-habitants-craindre-de- new-nuisance-sound-1554565063\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.francebleu.fr\/infos\/societe\/merignac-avec-le-falle-les-habitants-craindre-de-<\/span> new-nuisance-sound-1554565063<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The so-called &#8220;Artificial&#8221; Intelligence <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The so-called &#8220;Artificial&#8221; Intelligence is nowadays triggering a lot of debates, as many new tools with new possibilities that can be used for or against human specie, have done during their day. This technology which has been existing for several decades now via, for example, computer simulation mixes computer sciences, robotics, biology, neurology but also sociology and philosophy, and essentially consists in automating data management works, in a way that is as autonomous as possible, just as steam machine-tools have gradually replaced repetitive and fastidious or even dangerous human works inside 19th Century factories.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> has been in Bordeaux for several years via training centers such as the Talence National School of Cognitics or the University of Bordeaux with its OPTIM engineering Master (mathematical optimization and algorithms for decision support). Microsoft also plans to settle in Bordeaux, by the end of 2019, a school dedicated to AI, in partnership with the digital social-business Simplon company.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Start-ups are born or older companies innovate also in more traditional areas such as leather goods or architecture. For example, the young company <em>Minuit sur Terre<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">VIARD Marie, <em>Minuit sur Terre<\/em>, [read on 8th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/minuitsurterre.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/minuitsurterre.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, created in 2017, manufactures footwear from synthetic or recycled materials and therefore has no direct effect on animals. The architecture firm <em>Bruit du Frigo <\/em>(Fridge Noise), which has built, since 2010, eleven peri-urban refuges with unusual shapes such as a cloud or a tree trunk and put itself in a dynamic where the architect is at the service of the inhabitants and not the opposite, at least according to its manager Yvan Detraz<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">DETRAZ Yvan, <em>Bruit du frigo<\/em>, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/bruitdufrigo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/bruitdufrigo.com\/<\/span><\/a> . See also: BORDEAUX, <em>Bruit du frigo<\/em>, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/o8100\/bruit-du-frigo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/o8100\/bruit-du-frigo<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Taking into account not only the geographical setting of the Garonne Basin and the Gironde Estuary, with all their parameters, but also the social history of Bordeaux, and particularly its migratory movements, would make it possible to bring more serenity to the inhabitants of the Gironde metropolis. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Bordeaux would have everything to gain by continuing its development in partnership not only with the Colbertine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Colbert, Minister under Louis XIV, was the manager of the French centralisation which has never stopped since, despite so-called &#8220;decentralisation&#8221; laws in 1982 and 1992.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Paris Region but also with other French and Spanish agglomerations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The use of technologies for civil purposes will soften the image of these industries and the agglomeration that hosts them (in part) and pacify heated debates following protests from associations such as the <em>Coordination anti-nucl\u00e9aire du sud-ouest <\/em>(South-West Anti-Nuclear Coordination)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">GUITTENIT Monique,&nbsp;<em>Assembl\u00e9e de la coordination antinucl\u00e9aire Sud-Ouest, Agen-Aquitaine<\/em>, le 29 mai 2014, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sortirdunucleaire.org\/Assemblee-de-la-coordination-antinucleaire-Sud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sortirdunucleaire.org\/Assemblee-de-la-coordination-antinucleaire-Sud<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> or the <em>Commission de recherche et d\u2019informations ind\u00e9pendantes sur la radioactivit\u00e9 <\/em>(<span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Commission for Research and Independent Information on Radioactivity<\/span>)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CRIIRAD, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.criirad.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.criirad.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, opposed to the installation of the Megajoule Laser at Barp (30 km south-west of the center of Bordeaux). This laboratory could be used, if not already started, to carry out civil research on nuclear fusion, one of the main tracks for the European energy policies of tomorrow, in a context of low GHG emissions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As Bordeaux, in its international maritime activities, abandoned the triangular trade, which flourished in the XVIIIth century<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bordeaux was the second French seaport in the slave trade.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, the choice for a civil orientation of the different new technologies would both open up economic prospects for the regional population and offer not only an ideal, but also a concrete peaceful and constructive society project who would continue to open to the world.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to Pr emeritus Jean-No\u00ebl SALOMON for his help, his deep knowledge in hydrology and his on-the-field experience .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Added bibliography<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">IRSN, <em>Faire avancer la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire <\/em>(Have The Nuclear Security Progressing), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irsn.fr\/FR\/connaissances\/Installations_nucleaires\/Les-centrales-nucleaires\/reacteurs-nucleaires-France\/Pages\/1-reacteurs-nucleaires-France-Fonctionnement.aspx#.Xc27TtXjJPa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.irsn.fr\/FR\/connaissances\/Installations_nucleaires\/Les-centrales-nucleaires\/reacteurs-nucleaires-France\/Pages\/1-reacteurs-nucleaires-France-Fonctionnement.aspx#.Xc27TtXjJPa<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">RABAU Patrick, <em>Bordeaux au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle: Le commerce atlantique et l\u2019esclavage<\/em> (<span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Bordeaux in the XVIIIth century: Atlantic trade and slavery<\/span>), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr\/sites\/musee-aquitaine.fr\/files\/5._bordeaux_le_commerce_atlantique_et_lesclavage.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr\/sites\/musee-aquitaine.fr\/files\/5._bordeaux_le_commerce_atlantique_et_lesclavage.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1141_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">TOCHEPORT Bernard, <em>Regards photographiques sur Bordeaux et la Gironde, Bordeaux le Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre, L&#8217;Op\u00e9ra de Bordeaux place de la Com\u00e9die <\/em>(<span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Photographic views of Bordeaux and the Gironde River, the <\/span>Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre, the Opera and the Place de la Com\u00e9die), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.33-bordeaux.com\/grand-theatre.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.33-bordeaux.com\/grand-theatre.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1141_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1141_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1141_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1141_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1141_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CRUISEMAPPER, <em>Seven Seas Review and Specifications<\/em>, [consulted on the 11\/11\/2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cruisemapper.com\/ships\/Seven-Seas-Explorer-1038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cruisemapper.com\/ships\/Seven-Seas-Explorer-1038<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Pourtalet Pass, located next to the Pic du Midi of Ossau, 2884 m high.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Train \u00e0 Grande Vitesse. Commercial speed is at 320 km\/h and links Paris to Bordeaux in 2 hours.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">LA HALLE DES DOUVES, <em>Le projet associatif (<\/em>The association project), [consulted on 10\/11\/2019], available on: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.douves.org\/lallee-des-douves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.douves.org\/lallee-des-douves\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">SALOMON Jean-Noel, &#8220;The flood in the lower valley of the Garonne and the estuary of the Gironde during the &#8220;storm of the century&#8221; (27-28 December 1999)&#8221; in <i>G\u00e9omorphologie : relief, processus, environnement<\/i> n\u00b02, 2002, Universit\u00e9 Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux-3, p 128.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">idem.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">LAZARO TR, <em>Urban hydrology: a multidisciplinary perspective (revised edition)<\/em>, ed Technomic Publishing Co, Inc., 1990, USA, p : 19.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand , <em>Urbanisation And Floods (London &amp; Paris)<\/em>, 6th July 2019, [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/07\/06\/urbanisation-and-the-fluvial-risk-factor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/07\/06\/urbanisation-and-the-fluvial-risk-factor\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geoportail.gouv.fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.geoportail.gouv.fr<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CARMONA Michel &amp; al., <em>Tramway, le co\u00fbt d&#8217;une mode<\/em> (Tramway, the cost of a fashion), Orleans (France), Paradigm, 2001, p 10 , 67 &amp; 133.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ESCACH M\u00e9lanie, <em>Les 21 plus grand bateaux de croisi\u00e8re au monde<\/em> (The 21 largest cruise ships in the world), February 21st, 2016, [consulted on 11th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/generationvoyage.fr\/plus-grands-bateaux-croisiere-monde\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/generationvoyage.fr\/plus-grands-bateaux-croisiere-monde<\/span><\/a>\/<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">TBM, <em>Plan du r\u00e9seau tram <\/em>(Tram Network Map), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infotbm.com\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2019-06\/GD_PLAN_TRAM_DEC2018_HD.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.infotbm.com\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2019-06\/GD_PLAN_TRAM_DEC2018_HD.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">in ancient times, Lugdunum was the capital of Gaul.) A sign on the Autoroute du Sud (South Highway) reminds motorists that historical fact<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BORDEAUX, <em>Jumelage Bordeaux-Bilbao<\/em> (Twinning Bordeaux-Bilbao), [consulted on the 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/ebx\/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=presentationStandard&amp;id= 5523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/ebx\/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=presentationStandard&amp;id=<\/span> 5523<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">FERRET Benjamin, <em>Infographie. L&#8217;Espagne, partenaire \u00e9conomique privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 des Landes<\/em> (Infographic. Spain, privileged economic partner of the Landes), March 6th, 2018, [Consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sudouest.fr\/2018\/03\/06\/infographie-l-spagne-parten-aire-economique-privilegie-des-landes-4257119-3452.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sudouest.fr\/2018\/03\/06\/infographie-l-spagne-parten-aire-economique-privilegie-des-landes-4257119-3452.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BATIACTU, <em>La relance du projet d&#8217;autoroute ferroviaire atlantique avec l&#8217;Espagne est confirm\u00e9e<\/em> (The relaunch of the Atlantic rail motorway project with Spain is confirmed), 28\/10\/2015, [Consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.batiactu.com\/edito\/relance-projet-autoroute-ferroviaire-atlantique-avec-42592.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.batiactu.com\/edito\/relance-projet-autoroute-ferroviaire-atlantique-avec-42592.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ALLEVI Jean-Jacques, \u00ab La s\u00e9curit\u00e9, enjeu de campagne \u00bb (Security, A Political Stake, in Le Point (&#8220;Bordeaux after Jupp\u00e9&#8221; dossier), 24th October 2019, p VII et VIII.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">idem<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;With the Rafale, India feels ready to face Pakistan&#8221;, in Courrier Interntional, October 9, 2019, [consulted on the 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/review-de-presse\/defense-with-the-facial-lindia-its-prefer-the-pakistan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/review-de-presse\/defense-with-the-facial-lindia-its-prefer-the-pakistan<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">HUPPENOIRE Camille, &#8220;M\u00e9rignac: with the Rafale, residents fear new noise&#8221;, in <i>France Bleue Gironde<\/i>, April 7th 2019, [consulted on the 12th November 2019]. Available at:] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francebleu.fr\/infos\/societe\/merignac-avec-le-falle-les-habitants-craindre-de- new-nuisance-sound-1554565063\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.francebleu.fr\/infos\/societe\/merignac-avec-le-falle-les-habitants-craindre-de-<\/span> new-nuisance-sound-1554565063<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The so-called &#8220;Artificial&#8221; Intelligence is nowadays triggering a lot of debates, as many new tools with new possibilities that can be used for or against human specie, have done during their day. This technology which has been existing for several decades now via, for example, computer simulation mixes computer sciences, robotics, biology, neurology but also sociology and philosophy, and essentially consists in automating data management works, in a way that is as autonomous as possible, just as steam machine-tools have gradually replaced repetitive and fastidious or even dangerous human works inside 19th Century factories.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">VIARD Marie, <em>Minuit sur Terre<\/em>, [read on 8th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/minuitsurterre.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/minuitsurterre.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">DETRAZ Yvan, <em>Bruit du frigo<\/em>, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/bruitdufrigo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/bruitdufrigo.com\/<\/span><\/a> . See also: BORDEAUX, <em>Bruit du frigo<\/em>, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/o8100\/bruit-du-frigo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bordeaux.fr\/o8100\/bruit-du-frigo<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Colbert, Minister under Louis XIV, was the manager of the French centralisation which has never stopped since, despite so-called &#8220;decentralisation&#8221; laws in 1982 and 1992.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GUITTENIT Monique,&nbsp;<em>Assembl\u00e9e de la coordination antinucl\u00e9aire Sud-Ouest, Agen-Aquitaine<\/em>, le 29 mai 2014, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sortirdunucleaire.org\/Assemblee-de-la-coordination-antinucleaire-Sud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sortirdunucleaire.org\/Assemblee-de-la-coordination-antinucleaire-Sud<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CRIIRAD, [read on 12th november 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.criirad.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.criirad.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bordeaux was the second French seaport in the slave trade.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">IRSN, <em>Faire avancer la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire <\/em>(Have The Nuclear Security Progressing), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irsn.fr\/FR\/connaissances\/Installations_nucleaires\/Les-centrales-nucleaires\/reacteurs-nucleaires-France\/Pages\/1-reacteurs-nucleaires-France-Fonctionnement.aspx#.Xc27TtXjJPa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.irsn.fr\/FR\/connaissances\/Installations_nucleaires\/Les-centrales-nucleaires\/reacteurs-nucleaires-France\/Pages\/1-reacteurs-nucleaires-France-Fonctionnement.aspx#.Xc27TtXjJPa<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">RABAU Patrick, <em>Bordeaux au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle: Le commerce atlantique et l\u2019esclavage<\/em> (<span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Bordeaux in the XVIIIth century: Atlantic trade and slavery<\/span>), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr\/sites\/musee-aquitaine.fr\/files\/5._bordeaux_le_commerce_atlantique_et_lesclavage.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr\/sites\/musee-aquitaine.fr\/files\/5._bordeaux_le_commerce_atlantique_et_lesclavage.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1141_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1141_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">TOCHEPORT Bernard, <em>Regards photographiques sur Bordeaux et la Gironde, Bordeaux le Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre, L&#8217;Op\u00e9ra de Bordeaux place de la Com\u00e9die <\/em>(<span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Photographic views of Bordeaux and the Gironde River, the <\/span>Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre, the Opera and the Place de la Com\u00e9die), [consulted on 12th November 2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.33-bordeaux.com\/grand-theatre.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.33-bordeaux.com\/grand-theatre.htm<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1141_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1141_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1141_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1141_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1141_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1141_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1141_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1141_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1141_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1141_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1141_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1141_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1141_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1141_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bordeaux: The name evokes a majestic setting with the largest estuary in Europe and prestigious architecture, technologies and agriculture. It<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1145,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[53,34,38,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics-social","category-education_en","category-environnement_en","category-urbanisme_en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bordeaux: a marriage of prestige and risk - ContribCity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/11\/14\/bordeaux-a-marriage-of-prestige-and-risk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bordeaux: a marriage of prestige and risk - ContribCity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bordeaux: The name evokes a majestic setting with the largest estuary in Europe and prestigious architecture, technologies and agriculture. 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