{"id":1487,"date":"2020-01-14T14:41:36","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T13:41:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=1487"},"modified":"2020-01-30T18:00:03","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T17:00:03","slug":"macron-le-monopoly-et-la-france","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/01\/14\/macron-le-monopoly-et-la-france\/","title":{"rendered":"Macron, le Monopoly et la France"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ceux qui connaissent ce jeu savent que lorsque l&#8217;un des joueurs doit de l&#8217;argent \u00e0 l&#8217;un de ses adversaires et qu&#8217;il n&#8217;a plus de liquidit\u00e9s pour payer sa dette, il lui reste, comme derni\u00e8re solution, d&#8217;hypoth\u00e9quer ses biens. Est-ce que Macron, repr\u00e9sentant politique des Fran\u00e7ais, ne serait pas en train de faire de m\u00eame?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans mon article du 11 d\u00e9cembre sur les gr\u00e8ves, j&#8217;avais \u00e9cris que les syndicats fran\u00e7ais, qui repr\u00e9sentent une petite minorit\u00e9 des actifs (11%), ne devaient pas s&#8217;en faire car le gouvernement \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 en train de remettre \u00ab \u00e0 plus tard \u00bb les r\u00e9formes que nos voisins europ\u00e9ens [avaient] d\u00e9j\u00e0 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es voici plusieurs ann\u00e9es<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">cf: <em>Transports pendants les gr\u00e8ves : des demi-d\u00e9cisions<\/em>, disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/12\/11\/transports-pendants-les-greves-des-demi-decisions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/12\/11\/transports-pendants-les-greves-des-demi-decisions\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Apr\u00e8s avoir renonc\u00e9 \u00e0 supprimer les r\u00e9gimes sp\u00e9ciaux &#8211; pardon, je voulais dire &#8220;sp\u00e9cifiques&#8221; &#8211; le Premier Ministre Edouard Philippe, le 12 janvier, a remis sine die une des mesures phare, et qui avait le m\u00e9rite d&#8217;\u00eatre claire, je veux parler de l&#8217;\u00e2ge pivot.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Or vu le vieillissement d\u00e9mographique &#8211; le nombre de personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es augmente et le nombre de jeunes baisse &#8211; notre syst\u00e8me par r\u00e9partition ne peut continuer \u00e0 fonctionner sans changement de ses param\u00e8tres : soit on augmente la part de cotisation (ou de l&#8217;imp\u00f4t), soit on cotise plus longtemps, soit on diminue le montant de la retraite. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Voil\u00e0 pour la th\u00e9orie. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, ce qui se passe derri\u00e8re le rideau m\u00e9diatique, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;une minorit\u00e9 aimerait bien continuer \u00e0 profiter de ses avantages issus du fait de leurs entreprises publiques et non des caract\u00e9ristiques (p\u00e9nibilit\u00e9) de leur travail. <\/span>De plus, ce vieillissement de la population fran\u00e7aise participe \u00e0 ralentir la croissance \u00e9conomique : en effet, un ralentissement d\u00e9mographique entra\u00eene, \u00e0 long terme, une baisse de la demande des m\u00e9nages en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;\u00e9quipement<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">GODET Michel, <em>Le courage du bon sens &#8211; Pour construire l&#8217;avenir autrement<\/em>, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2007, p143. Voir aussi : BLANCHET Didier, LEGROS Florence, &#8220;D\u00e9mographie : tendances, incertitudes, implications&#8221;, <em>Revue \u00e9conomique 2008\/5 (Vol.59)<\/em>, pp 861 &#8211; 868, Paris, Presses de Sciences-Po, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-economique-2008-5-page-861.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-economique-2008-5-page-861.htm<\/span><\/a>. Voir \u00e9galement : OCDE DONNEES, <em>Taux de f\u00e9condit\u00e9<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fr\/pop\/taux-de-fecondite.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fr\/pop\/taux-de-fecondite.htm<\/span><\/a>. Lire aussi : INSEE, <em>Tableaux de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise, \u00e9dition 2018 &#8211; Natalit\u00e9, f\u00e9condit\u00e9,<\/em> 27 f\u00e9vrier 2018, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3303349?sommaire=3353488\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3303349?sommaire=3353488<\/span><\/a>. Lire \u00e9galement : ENS Lyon, Bilan d\u00e9mographique 2018 &#8211; INSEE, janvier 2019, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/ses.ens-lyon.fr\/actualites\/rapports-etudes-et-4-pages\/bilan-demographique-2018-insee-janvier-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/ses.ens-lyon.fr\/actualites\/rapports-etudes-et-4-pages\/bilan-demographique-2018-insee-janvier-2019<\/span><\/a>. Lire de m\u00eame : ZAGDOUN Beno\u00eet, &#8220;La France a-t-elle un taux de f\u00e9condit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 parce que les immigr\u00e9es font beaucoup d&#8217;enfants?&#8221;, France Info, 11 janvier 2019, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/societe\/la-france-a-t-elle-un-taux-de-fecondite-eleve-parce-que-les-immigrees-font-beaucoup-d-enfants_3529477.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/societe\/la-france-a-t-elle-un-taux-de-fecondite-eleve-parce-que-les-immigrees-font-beaucoup-d-enfants_3529477.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et donc une baisse des investissements des entreprises et par voie de cons\u00e9quence une baisse des revenus tant priv\u00e9s que publics. L&#8217;organisation fran\u00e7aise des retraites n&#8217;est donc pas soutenable. Le 10 janvier dernier, l&#8217;\u00e9conomiste Jean-Marc Daniel avait signal\u00e9 que la dette publique de la France avait atteint 100% du PIB\u00a0 fran\u00e7ais<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">DANIEL Jean-Marc, &#8220;Retraites, arr\u00eatez tout !&#8221; in &#8220;Le contre-pied&#8221;, BFM Business, le 10 janvier 2020, [consult\u00e9 le 14\/01\/2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radio.fr\/p\/bfmdaniel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.radio.fr\/p\/bfmdaniel<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Mais, une fois de plus, on joue avec les mots afin d&#8217;\u00e9dulcorer les chiffres du d\u00e9ficit. Comme l&#8217;Etat contr\u00f4le 56% de la richesse produite dans notre pays (si l&#8217;on prend en compte les emprunts \u00e9tatiques), une dette officielle de 100% du PIB signifie que l&#8217;Etat &#8211; c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire l&#8217;ensemble des r\u00e9sidents en France &#8211; est endett\u00e9 \u00e0 179% de ses revenus. Or certains syndicats continuent \u00e0 r\u00e9clamer le statut-quo sur un\u00a0 syst\u00e8me qui avait manqu\u00e9 sa r\u00e9forme d\u00e9j\u00e0 n\u00e9cessaire en 1995 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Notre voisin britannique avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 effectuer de profondes r\u00e9formes en 1981 et Londres \u00e9tait devenu la premi\u00e8re puissance financi\u00e8re au monde, attirant des millions de personnes de par le monde, \u00e0 l&#8217;inverse de la ville en grave difficult\u00e9 qu&#8217;elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 entre 1974 et 1980 et dont le pays, qui avait domin\u00e9 le monde au XIXe si\u00e8cle, s&#8217;\u00e9tait finalement r\u00e9solu \u00e0 demander l&#8217;aide du FMI \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1970<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ce n&#8217;est pas tout! J&#8217;aime \u00e9voquer r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement un dossier qui avait marqu\u00e9 les esprits \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9poque : le dossier P\u00e9bereau. Ce dernier, d&#8217;ailleurs, fut en quelques sorte r\u00e9\u00e9dit\u00e9 en\u00a0 2017<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">HONORE Renaud, &#8220;Dette : le nouveau &#8220;rapport P\u00e9bereau&#8221; sonne l&#8217;alarme&#8221;, le 5 f\u00e9vrier 2017, <em>Les Echos<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/2017\/02\/dette-le-nouveau-rapport-pebereau-sonne-lalarme-167326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/2017\/02\/dette-le-nouveau-rapport-pebereau-sonne-lalarme-167326<\/span><\/a>. Lire \u00e9galement : PEBEREAU Michel et al, <em>Des finances publiques au service de notre avenir &#8211; Rompre avec la facilit\u00e9 de la dette publique pour renforcer notre croissance \u00e9conomique et notre coh\u00e9sion sociale<\/em>, Paris, d\u00e9cembre 2005, 136 p<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Dans ce rapport, non seulement le haut fonctionnaire portait l&#8217;attention des Fran\u00e7ais sur le fait que l&#8217;Etat serait endett\u00e9 \u00e0 66% du PIB en 2006, mais en fait, si l&#8217;on prenait en compte les engagements des Pouvoirs Publics, les comptes \u00e9tatiques \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9ficitaires \u00e0 100% du PIB. Parmi ces engagements, figuraient les retraites des fonctionnaires, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire parmi les personnes actives qui sont \u00e0 la fois les mieux prot\u00e9g\u00e9es <em>et<\/em> les moins mobiles donc les plus \u00e0 m\u00eame de souffrir d&#8217;une crise de la dette publique. Certains Directeurs Administratifs et Financiers de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s priv\u00e9es \u00e9voquent, aujourd&#8217;hui, un endettement r\u00e9el de l&#8217;Etat fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 trois ou quatre fois ses revenus annuels.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On semble \u00e9galement oublier un point crucial dans cette affaire : une dette, quelle soit \u00e9conomique ou autre, finit <em>toujours<\/em> par \u00eatre honor\u00e9e. Par contre, elle n&#8217;est pas forc\u00e9ment rembours\u00e9e par le d\u00e9biteur : en cas de faillite de ce dernier, c&#8217;est bien le cr\u00e9diteur de la prochaine g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire l&#8217;\u00e9pargnant (livret A, Assurance-Vie&#8230;) mais aussi le fonctionnaire et le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire de services publics, qui devra classer l&#8217;ardoise en pertes et profits. Je cite l&#8217;\u00e9conomiste Jacques Attali dans son ouvrage de 2010 : <em>La dette publique est une cr\u00e9ance des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations actuelles sur les suivantes, lesquelles finissent toujours pas la payer d&#8217;une fa\u00e7on ou d&#8217;une autre [&#8230;] Celui qui est appel\u00e9 un jour \u00e0 rembourser ou \u00e0 refinancer une dette publique n&#8217;a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas le droit de vote au moment o\u00f9 celle-ci est contract\u00e9e : il est plac\u00e9 devant un fait accompli<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ATTALI Jacques, <em>Tous ruin\u00e9s dans dix ans ? &#8211; Dette publique : la derni\u00e8re chance<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2010, p 113-114<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <em>[&#8230;] Presque tous les pays surendett\u00e9s finissent par faire d\u00e9faut.<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Idem, p131<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Quelle couche sociale payera alors cette ardoise : les populations pauvres, les classes moyennes ou bien encore les cat\u00e9gories socio-professionnelles (CSP) ais\u00e9es? Les classes populaires? Leurs revenus officiels sont r\u00e9duits. Les CSP ais\u00e9es? Elles sont nomades et d\u00e9j\u00e0 en r\u00e9seau sur plusieurs pays voire continents<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ATTALI Jacques, <em>Une br\u00e8ve histoire de l\u2019avenir<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2006, 312 p <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Qui reste-t-il? Les classes moyennes. Le probl\u00e8me est que ces derni\u00e8res sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 fiscalement tr\u00e8s pressuris\u00e9es, la France \u00e9tant, en 2017, le pays le plus tax\u00e9 au monde, selon un rapport de l&#8217;OCDE.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">HIAULT Richard, &#8220;La France championne du monde de la pression fiscale&#8221;, le 5 d\u00e9cembre 2018, <em>Les Echos<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/monde\/enjeux-internationaux\/la-france-championne-du-monde-de-la-pression-fiscale-236486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/monde\/enjeux-internationaux\/la-france-championne-du-monde-de-la-pression-fiscale-236486<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00eame si la France, dans une tradition s\u00e9culaire, a toujours eu tendance \u00e0 butter avec fracas et violence contre le mur des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomiques avant de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 des r\u00e9formes structurelles, nous devons tous construire un nouveau syst\u00e8me des retraites, dans lequel le travail, malgr\u00e9 son \u00e9tymologie,<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Travail : du bas latin <em>tripalium<\/em>, instrument de torture (578, concile d&#8217;Auxerre). Cf : DUBOIS Jean, MITERRAND Henri, DAUZAT Albert, <em>Grand dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique et historique du fran\u00e7ais<\/em>, Paris, Larousse, 2005, p1012. <a href=\"https:\/\/larousse.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.larousse.fr<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ne serait plus consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une torture ou une corv\u00e9e, mais comme un moyen pour chacun, chacune, de donner le meilleur de soi-m\u00eame afin de construire une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 plus heureuse. Une nation fran\u00e7aise riche de l&#8217;originalit\u00e9 de chaque citoyen; une nation dynamique \u00e0 laquelle chaque habitant, disposant de la nationalit\u00e9 locale ou non, est appel\u00e9 \u00e0 participer \u00e0 travers tous les \u00e2ges de sa vie; un pays qui doit finir de regretter les ann\u00e9es 1950 pour se tourner plein d&#8217;espoir et de r\u00e9solution vers un futur qui am\u00e8nera, certes, des d\u00e9fis mais \u00e9galement des enjeux passionnants tant pour les s\u00e9niors que pour les enfants et les jeunes. Souhaitons que nos gouvernants ne c\u00e8deront pas \u00e0 la l\u00e2chet\u00e9, tentation \u00e9galement s\u00e9culaire chez les souverains. Esp\u00e9rons qu&#8217;Emmanuel Macron quitte sa posture <em>jupit\u00e9rienne<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pour reprendre une expression en vogue chez les journalistes<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et soit suffisamment courageux et humble pour \u00eatre un <em>Pr\u00e9sident avec nous <\/em>(c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire tous les Fran\u00e7ais) et non pas un simple politique, prisonnier de la capacit\u00e9 de nuire d&#8217;une minorit\u00e9 plus tourn\u00e9e vers le pass\u00e9 que vers l&#8217;avenir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bibliographie suppl\u00e9mentaire<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">DANIEL Jean-Marc, <em>Valls, Macron : le socialisme de l&#8217;excellence \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise<\/em>, Paris, Fran\u00e7ois Bourin, 2016, 128 p<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">LAURENS Didier, &#8220;Jean-Marc Daniel : Il faut supprimer le statut de la fonction publique&#8221;, in &#8220;Les enqu\u00eates du contribuables&#8221;, <em>Contrepoints<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.contrepoints.org\/2019\/05\/09\/198071-jean-marc-daniel-il-faut-supprimer-le-statut-de-la-fonction-publique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.contrepoints.org\/2019\/05\/09\/198071-jean-marc-daniel-il-faut-supprimer-le-statut-de-la-fonction-publique<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">JOUANNEAU Isabelle, &#8220;Jean-Marc Daniel : le quinquennat de Macron est marqu\u00e9 par un bricolage \u00e9conomique d\u00fb \u00e0 un manque de solidit\u00e9 politique, <em>Entreprendre<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entreprendre.fr\/jean-marc-daniel-le-quinquennat-de-macron-est-marque-par-un-bricolage-economique-du-a-un-manque-de-solidite-politique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.entreprendre.fr\/jean-marc-daniel-le-quinquennat-de-macron-est-marque-par-un-bricolage-economique-du-a-un-manque-de-solidite-politique\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ECOLE DE POLITIQUE APPLIQUEE, <em>Taux de fertilit\u00e9 (naissances par femme aux Etats-Unis)<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/perspective.usherbrooke.ca\/bilan\/tend\/USA\/fr\/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/<em>perspective.usherbrooke.ca\/bilan\/tend\/USA\/fr\/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN.html<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNICEF, <em>En bref :\u00a0 Etats-Unis d&#8217;Am\u00e9rique &#8211; Statistiques<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/french\/infobycountry\/usa_statistics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/french\/infobycountry\/usa_statistics.html<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1487_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">MOYOU E., <em>Taux d&#8217;\u00e9volution annuelle du produit int\u00e9rieur brut r\u00e9el (PIB) des Etats-Unis de 2008 \u00e0 2018<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.statista.com\/statistiques\/550024\/taux-de-croissance-annuel-du-pib-reel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fr.statista.com\/statistiques\/550024\/taux-de-croissance-annuel-du-pib-reel\/<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1487_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1487_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1487_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1487_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1487_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">cf: <em>Transports pendants les gr\u00e8ves : des demi-d\u00e9cisions<\/em>, disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/12\/11\/transports-pendants-les-greves-des-demi-decisions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/12\/11\/transports-pendants-les-greves-des-demi-decisions\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GODET Michel, <em>Le courage du bon sens &#8211; Pour construire l&#8217;avenir autrement<\/em>, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2007, p143. Voir aussi : BLANCHET Didier, LEGROS Florence, &#8220;D\u00e9mographie : tendances, incertitudes, implications&#8221;, <em>Revue \u00e9conomique 2008\/5 (Vol.59)<\/em>, pp 861 &#8211; 868, Paris, Presses de Sciences-Po, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-economique-2008-5-page-861.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-economique-2008-5-page-861.htm<\/span><\/a>. Voir \u00e9galement : OCDE DONNEES, <em>Taux de f\u00e9condit\u00e9<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fr\/pop\/taux-de-fecondite.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fr\/pop\/taux-de-fecondite.htm<\/span><\/a>. Lire aussi : INSEE, <em>Tableaux de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise, \u00e9dition 2018 &#8211; Natalit\u00e9, f\u00e9condit\u00e9,<\/em> 27 f\u00e9vrier 2018, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3303349?sommaire=3353488\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3303349?sommaire=3353488<\/span><\/a>. Lire \u00e9galement : ENS Lyon, Bilan d\u00e9mographique 2018 &#8211; INSEE, janvier 2019, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/ses.ens-lyon.fr\/actualites\/rapports-etudes-et-4-pages\/bilan-demographique-2018-insee-janvier-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/ses.ens-lyon.fr\/actualites\/rapports-etudes-et-4-pages\/bilan-demographique-2018-insee-janvier-2019<\/span><\/a>. Lire de m\u00eame : ZAGDOUN Beno\u00eet, &#8220;La France a-t-elle un taux de f\u00e9condit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 parce que les immigr\u00e9es font beaucoup d&#8217;enfants?&#8221;, France Info, 11 janvier 2019, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/societe\/la-france-a-t-elle-un-taux-de-fecondite-eleve-parce-que-les-immigrees-font-beaucoup-d-enfants_3529477.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/societe\/la-france-a-t-elle-un-taux-de-fecondite-eleve-parce-que-les-immigrees-font-beaucoup-d-enfants_3529477.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">DANIEL Jean-Marc, &#8220;Retraites, arr\u00eatez tout !&#8221; in &#8220;Le contre-pied&#8221;, BFM Business, le 10 janvier 2020, [consult\u00e9 le 14\/01\/2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radio.fr\/p\/bfmdaniel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.radio.fr\/p\/bfmdaniel<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Notre voisin britannique avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 effectuer de profondes r\u00e9formes en 1981 et Londres \u00e9tait devenu la premi\u00e8re puissance financi\u00e8re au monde, attirant des millions de personnes de par le monde, \u00e0 l&#8217;inverse de la ville en grave difficult\u00e9 qu&#8217;elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 entre 1974 et 1980 et dont le pays, qui avait domin\u00e9 le monde au XIXe si\u00e8cle, s&#8217;\u00e9tait finalement r\u00e9solu \u00e0 demander l&#8217;aide du FMI \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1970<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">HONORE Renaud, &#8220;Dette : le nouveau &#8220;rapport P\u00e9bereau&#8221; sonne l&#8217;alarme&#8221;, le 5 f\u00e9vrier 2017, <em>Les Echos<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/2017\/02\/dette-le-nouveau-rapport-pebereau-sonne-lalarme-167326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/2017\/02\/dette-le-nouveau-rapport-pebereau-sonne-lalarme-167326<\/span><\/a>. Lire \u00e9galement : PEBEREAU Michel et al, <em>Des finances publiques au service de notre avenir &#8211; Rompre avec la facilit\u00e9 de la dette publique pour renforcer notre croissance \u00e9conomique et notre coh\u00e9sion sociale<\/em>, Paris, d\u00e9cembre 2005, 136 p<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ATTALI Jacques, <em>Tous ruin\u00e9s dans dix ans ? &#8211; Dette publique : la derni\u00e8re chance<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2010, p 113-114<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Idem, p131<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ATTALI Jacques, <em>Une br\u00e8ve histoire de l\u2019avenir<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2006, 312 p <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">HIAULT Richard, &#8220;La France championne du monde de la pression fiscale&#8221;, le 5 d\u00e9cembre 2018, <em>Les Echos<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/monde\/enjeux-internationaux\/la-france-championne-du-monde-de-la-pression-fiscale-236486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/monde\/enjeux-internationaux\/la-france-championne-du-monde-de-la-pression-fiscale-236486<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Travail : du bas latin <em>tripalium<\/em>, instrument de torture (578, concile d&#8217;Auxerre). Cf : DUBOIS Jean, MITERRAND Henri, DAUZAT Albert, <em>Grand dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique et historique du fran\u00e7ais<\/em>, Paris, Larousse, 2005, p1012. <a href=\"https:\/\/larousse.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.larousse.fr<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pour reprendre une expression en vogue chez les journalistes<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">DANIEL Jean-Marc, <em>Valls, Macron : le socialisme de l&#8217;excellence \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise<\/em>, Paris, Fran\u00e7ois Bourin, 2016, 128 p<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">LAURENS Didier, &#8220;Jean-Marc Daniel : Il faut supprimer le statut de la fonction publique&#8221;, in &#8220;Les enqu\u00eates du contribuables&#8221;, <em>Contrepoints<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.contrepoints.org\/2019\/05\/09\/198071-jean-marc-daniel-il-faut-supprimer-le-statut-de-la-fonction-publique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.contrepoints.org\/2019\/05\/09\/198071-jean-marc-daniel-il-faut-supprimer-le-statut-de-la-fonction-publique<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">JOUANNEAU Isabelle, &#8220;Jean-Marc Daniel : le quinquennat de Macron est marqu\u00e9 par un bricolage \u00e9conomique d\u00fb \u00e0 un manque de solidit\u00e9 politique, <em>Entreprendre<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entreprendre.fr\/jean-marc-daniel-le-quinquennat-de-macron-est-marque-par-un-bricolage-economique-du-a-un-manque-de-solidite-politique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.entreprendre.fr\/jean-marc-daniel-le-quinquennat-de-macron-est-marque-par-un-bricolage-economique-du-a-un-manque-de-solidite-politique\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ECOLE DE POLITIQUE APPLIQUEE, <em>Taux de fertilit\u00e9 (naissances par femme aux Etats-Unis)<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/perspective.usherbrooke.ca\/bilan\/tend\/USA\/fr\/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/<em>perspective.usherbrooke.ca\/bilan\/tend\/USA\/fr\/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN.html<\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNICEF, <em>En bref :\u00a0 Etats-Unis d&#8217;Am\u00e9rique &#8211; Statistiques<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 14 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/french\/infobycountry\/usa_statistics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/french\/infobycountry\/usa_statistics.html<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1487_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1487_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1487_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">MOYOU E., <em>Taux d&#8217;\u00e9volution annuelle du produit int\u00e9rieur brut r\u00e9el (PIB) des Etats-Unis de 2008 \u00e0 2018<\/em>, [consult\u00e9 le 13 janvier 2020]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.statista.com\/statistiques\/550024\/taux-de-croissance-annuel-du-pib-reel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fr.statista.com\/statistiques\/550024\/taux-de-croissance-annuel-du-pib-reel\/<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1487_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1487_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1487_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1487_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1487_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1487_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1487_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1487_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1487_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1487_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1487_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1487_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - 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