{"id":3073,"date":"2020-04-28T12:40:56","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T10:40:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=3073"},"modified":"2020-09-28T17:01:13","modified_gmt":"2020-09-28T15:01:13","slug":"louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/","title":{"rendered":"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Du point de vue de la sant\u00e9, d&#8217;une fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, toute concentration humaine augmente les risques de propagation d&#8217;une maladie. Quand, \u00e0 ce facteur de risques, sont rajout\u00e9s ceux d&#8217;un manque d&#8217;hygi\u00e8ne corporelle et domestique, du fait de l&#8217;absence d&#8217;eau potable courante ou de proximit\u00e9, l&#8217;environnement urbain devient d\u00e8s lors un milieu favorable \u00e0 l&#8217;extension g\u00e9ographique d&#8217;une bact\u00e9rie ou d&#8217;un virus. Par exemple, les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de Peste \u00e0 Paris, en 1661-1662, puis en 1667, pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9es de <em>la terrible famine de l\u2019Av\u00e8nement du roi en 1660 et 1661<\/em>, montrent les inconv\u00e9nients de la densit\u00e9 urbaine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">SABOT Thierry, <em>Les grandes crises d\u00e9mographiques de l&#8217;Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>, le 29 janvier 2009. [Consult\u00e9 le 09\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.histoire-genealogie.com\/Les-grandes-crises-demographiques\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.histoire-genealogie.com\/Les-grandes-crises-demographiques<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Lorsque ce milieu devient encore plus dense, sous l&#8217;effet combin\u00e9 de d\u00e9cisions politiques (la centralisation) et de progr\u00e8s technologiques (transports) et commerciaux (attractivit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re), le risque est multipli\u00e9 d&#8217;autant plus. Ainsi, les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de chol\u00e9ra, entre autre dans le centre dense et insalubre de Paris, ont provoqu\u00e9 la mort de 18.400 personnes en 1832 et presque 19.000 d\u00e9c\u00e8s en 1849<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Rapport sur la marche et les effets du chol\u00e9ra-morbus dans Paris et dans le d\u00e9partement de la Seine<\/em>, Paris, 1832, p. 202. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/span><\/a>. FAURE Alain, &#8220;Sp\u00e9culation et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 : les grands travaux \u00e0 Paris au XIXe si\u00e8cle&#8221;, in <em>Histoire, \u00e9conomie et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 &#8211; mars 2004<\/em>, p 433 \u00e0 448, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/span><\/a>. Lire aussi : CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman est nomm\u00e9 pr\u00e9fet de Paris<\/em>, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. En effet, la population parisienne \u00e9tait pass\u00e9e de 700.000 habitants en 1817 \u00e0 1 million en 1849 et m\u00eame \u00e0 1,2 million en 1853, soit une augmentation de 71% en juste un peu plus d&#8217;un tiers de si\u00e8cle<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">GLICKMAN Juliette, <em>Le Paris d\u2019Haussmann : la transformation d\u2019une ville<\/em>,&nbsp; juin 2019. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/enseignants\/documents\/le-paris-dhaussmann-la-transformation-dune-ville\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/enseignants\/documents\/le-paris-dhaussmann-la-transformation-dune-ville\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Pour autant, le centre de la capitale n&#8217;avait gu\u00e8re \u00e9volu\u00e9, les constructions r\u00e9centes, moins insalubres, se faisant essentiellement dans les arrondissements ext\u00e9rieurs. Du fait de la mauvaise qualit\u00e9 de l&#8217;eau dans les puits et, avant Pasteur, de l&#8217;ignorance de l&#8217;existence des bact\u00e9ries et virus<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pasteur publie en 1861 une \u00e9tude sur le ferment butyrique (issu du beurre) d\u00e9montrant l&#8217;existence des bact\u00e9ries. Ce travail est la suite de plusieurs d\u00e9cennies de recherche europ\u00e9enne, par diff\u00e9rents savants ou inventeurs, comme le Fran\u00e7ais Nicolas Appert qui cr\u00e9a la m\u00e9thode de conservation en 1795, <em>l&#8217;Appertisation<\/em>, ou comme l&#8217;anatomiste italien Filippo Pacini qui d\u00e9couvrit en 1854 le bacille du chol\u00e9ra<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, notamment dans les milieux aqueux, la population ne faisait pas attention \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 biologique des eaux de boisson. L&#8217;historien et urbaniste Michel Carmona corrobore le lien entre l&#8217;eau que l&#8217;on buvait et le chol\u00e9ra en pr\u00e9cisant bien que toutes les couches sociales \u00e9taient atteintes par la bact\u00e9rie, et pas uniquement les populations pauvres ou ouvri\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A la crois\u00e9e des domaines de la sant\u00e9 et du transport, en 1900, au moment o\u00f9 naissait un curieux engin qui allait s&#8217;appeler <em>l&#8217;automobile<\/em>, 80.000 chevaux, ou <em>moteurs \u00e0 crottin<\/em>, \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sents dans la capitale<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BONNIEL Marie-Aude, <em>Le Figaro<\/em>, &#8220;En 1900 le pic de pollution \u00e0 Paris est d\u00fb aux \u00abmoteurs \u00e0 crottin\u00bb&#8221;, le 1er juillet 2016. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07\/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07\/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. En 1859, Etienne Lenoir, fran\u00e7ais d&#8217;origine belge, invente le premier moteur \u00e0 combustion interne qui sera am\u00e9lior\u00e9 en 1864 par le Fran\u00e7ais Alphonse Beau de Rochas qui <em>d\u00e9veloppe le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique du cycle \u00e0 quatre temps pour am\u00e9liorer le rendement du syst\u00e8me. <\/em>En 1897, Rudolf Diesel, un ing\u00e9nieur franco-allemand &#8211; encore l&#8217;Europe! &#8211; <em>construit le premier prototype du moteur \u00e0 l&#8217;huile, qui prendra plus tard le nom de son inventeur<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L&#8217;INTERN@UTE, <em>Moteur \u00e0 explosion &#8211; invention d&#8217;Etienne Lenoir<\/em>. [Consult\u00e9 le 28 avril 2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml<\/span><\/a>. Voir aussi : L&#8217;AUTOMOBILE, <span id=\"sites-page-title\" dir=\"ltr\" tabindex=\"-1\"><em>Le premier moteur \u00e0 explosion et son inventeur -Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel<\/em>. [Consult\u00e9 le 28 avril 2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ces nouvelles technologies permirent de r\u00e9soudre, n&#8217;en d\u00e9plaise aux adeptes de l&#8217;\u00e9cologie profonde, la question de la gestion du crottin de cheval face \u00e0 la forte augmentation de la circulation hippomobile dans Paris au XIXe si\u00e8cle. Cet \u00e9tat de fait posait un probl\u00e8me d&#8217;hygi\u00e8ne, mais aussi d&#8217;esth\u00e9tique et de confort olfactif, dans l&#8217;ensemble de la capitale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Que ce soit dans les domaines m\u00e9dical ou m\u00e9canique, ces progr\u00e8s scientifiques montrent l&#8217;attractivit\u00e9 de la France et de sa capitale, avec toujours cette contradiction difficile \u00e0 g\u00e9rer pour les urbanistes : de la proximit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique des \u00eatres humains, au sein d&#8217;une m\u00e9galopole, nait un foisonnement d&#8217;id\u00e9es et d&#8217;innovations mais \u00e9galement une augmentation des risques pour la population. Cette difficile \u00e9quation pousse (ou en tout cas devrait encourager) les autorit\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir sur la mani\u00e8re d&#8217;augmenter la premi\u00e8re variable (via l&#8217;invention d&#8217;un vaccin, par exemple) tout en essayant de diminuer la seconde. Dans les articles suivants, Contrib&#8217;City reviendra sur la question de la d\u00e9centralisation : gr\u00e2ce aux transports modernes &#8211; \u00e0 condition que ces derniers soient d\u00e9sinfect\u00e9s &#8211; et aux t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, cette d\u00e9centralisation, particuli\u00e8rement en cette premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XXIe si\u00e8cle, entre pleinement dans la dynamique europ\u00e9enne et pourrait apporter un meilleur \u00e9quilibre d\u00e9mographique aux \u00e9chelles continentale et r\u00e9gionale, tout en permettant de continuer \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper les interactions constructives entre les citoyens.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bibliographie suppl\u00e9mentaire <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">B\u00c9LY Lucien, <em>La France moderne. 1498-1789<\/em>, Paris, PUF, 2003<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">GARNOT Beno\u00eet, <em>La population fran\u00e7aise : aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles<\/em>, Paris, Ophrys, 2005.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">LAROUSSE, <em>Guerre de la succession d&#8217;Espagne<\/em>, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">HERODOTE, 1702-1713 &#8211; Guerre de la Succession d&#8217;Espagne, le 18\/12\/04. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">REINHARD Marcel, &#8220;La population fran\u00e7aise au XVIIe si\u00e8cle&#8221; in <em>Population<\/em>, 1958, p 619-630, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3073_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2000, 647p<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3073_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>[scu name=&#8221;map&#8221;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3073_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3073_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3073_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_3073_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">SABOT Thierry, <em>Les grandes crises d\u00e9mographiques de l&#8217;Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>, le 29 janvier 2009. [Consult\u00e9 le 09\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.histoire-genealogie.com\/Les-grandes-crises-demographiques\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.histoire-genealogie.com\/Les-grandes-crises-demographiques<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Rapport sur la marche et les effets du chol\u00e9ra-morbus dans Paris et dans le d\u00e9partement de la Seine<\/em>, Paris, 1832, p. 202. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/span><\/a>. FAURE Alain, &#8220;Sp\u00e9culation et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 : les grands travaux \u00e0 Paris au XIXe si\u00e8cle&#8221;, in <em>Histoire, \u00e9conomie et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 &#8211; mars 2004<\/em>, p 433 \u00e0 448, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/span><\/a>. Lire aussi : CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman est nomm\u00e9 pr\u00e9fet de Paris<\/em>, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GLICKMAN Juliette, <em>Le Paris d\u2019Haussmann : la transformation d\u2019une ville<\/em>,&nbsp; juin 2019. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/enseignants\/documents\/le-paris-dhaussmann-la-transformation-dune-ville\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/enseignants\/documents\/le-paris-dhaussmann-la-transformation-dune-ville\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pasteur publie en 1861 une \u00e9tude sur le ferment butyrique (issu du beurre) d\u00e9montrant l&#8217;existence des bact\u00e9ries. Ce travail est la suite de plusieurs d\u00e9cennies de recherche europ\u00e9enne, par diff\u00e9rents savants ou inventeurs, comme le Fran\u00e7ais Nicolas Appert qui cr\u00e9a la m\u00e9thode de conservation en 1795, <em>l&#8217;Appertisation<\/em>, ou comme l&#8217;anatomiste italien Filippo Pacini qui d\u00e9couvrit en 1854 le bacille du chol\u00e9ra<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BONNIEL Marie-Aude, <em>Le Figaro<\/em>, &#8220;En 1900 le pic de pollution \u00e0 Paris est d\u00fb aux \u00abmoteurs \u00e0 crottin\u00bb&#8221;, le 1er juillet 2016. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07\/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07\/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L&#8217;INTERN@UTE, <em>Moteur \u00e0 explosion &#8211; invention d&#8217;Etienne Lenoir<\/em>. [Consult\u00e9 le 28 avril 2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml<\/span><\/a>. Voir aussi : L&#8217;AUTOMOBILE, <span id=\"sites-page-title\" dir=\"ltr\" tabindex=\"-1\"><em>Le premier moteur \u00e0 explosion et son inventeur -Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel<\/em>. [Consult\u00e9 le 28 avril 2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">B\u00c9LY Lucien, <em>La France moderne. 1498-1789<\/em>, Paris, PUF, 2003<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GARNOT Beno\u00eet, <em>La population fran\u00e7aise : aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles<\/em>, Paris, Ophrys, 2005.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">LAROUSSE, <em>Guerre de la succession d&#8217;Espagne<\/em>, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">HERODOTE, 1702-1713 &#8211; Guerre de la Succession d&#8217;Espagne, le 18\/12\/04. [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">REINHARD Marcel, &#8220;La population fran\u00e7aise au XVIIe si\u00e8cle&#8221; in <em>Population<\/em>, 1958, p 619-630, [Consult\u00e9 le 08\/04\/2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3073_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3073_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2000, 647p<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_3073_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3073_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3073_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_3073_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3073_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3073_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3073_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3073_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3073_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_3073_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_3073_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3073_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_3073_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3073_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Du point de vue de la sant\u00e9, d&#8217;une fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, toute concentration humaine augmente les risques de propagation d&#8217;une maladie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51,4,6,7,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economie-social","category-environnement_fr","category-sante_fr","category-transports_fr","category-urbanisme_fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire - ContribCity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire - ContribCity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Du point de vue de la sant\u00e9, d&#8217;une fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, toute concentration humaine augmente les risques de propagation d&#8217;une maladie.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ContribCity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-04-28T10:40:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-28T15:01:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bertrand de Foucauld\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bertrand de Foucauld\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Bertrand de Foucauld\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/person\/ec389c5a78a37ccaee4e8ce098099db5\"},\"headline\":\"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-28T10:40:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-28T15:01:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\"},\"wordCount\":1109,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Economie\/Social\",\"Environnement\",\"Sant\u00e9\",\"Transports\",\"Urbanisme\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\",\"name\":\"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire - ContribCity\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-28T10:40:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-28T15:01:13+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/\",\"name\":\"ContribCity\",\"description\":\"Parlons de nos lieux de vie\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#organization\",\"name\":\"ContribCity\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cropped-Parlons-de-nos-lieux-de-vie-2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cropped-Parlons-de-nos-lieux-de-vie-2.jpg\",\"width\":1133,\"height\":218,\"caption\":\"ContribCity\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/person\/ec389c5a78a37ccaee4e8ce098099db5\",\"name\":\"Bertrand de Foucauld\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c49e25550e4609092f7a00fb677a980813788778df987b36cad9b0fc85a8bf73?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c49e25550e4609092f7a00fb677a980813788778df987b36cad9b0fc85a8bf73?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c49e25550e4609092f7a00fb677a980813788778df987b36cad9b0fc85a8bf73?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Bertrand de Foucauld\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/author\/bertrand\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire - ContribCity","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire - ContribCity","og_description":"Du point de vue de la sant\u00e9, d&#8217;une fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, toute concentration humaine augmente les risques de propagation d&#8217;une maladie.","og_url":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/","og_site_name":"ContribCity","article_published_time":"2020-04-28T10:40:56+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-09-28T15:01:13+00:00","author":"Bertrand de Foucauld","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"Bertrand de Foucauld","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/"},"author":{"name":"Bertrand de Foucauld","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/person\/ec389c5a78a37ccaee4e8ce098099db5"},"headline":"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire","datePublished":"2020-04-28T10:40:56+00:00","dateModified":"2020-09-28T15:01:13+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/"},"wordCount":1109,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Economie\/Social","Environnement","Sant\u00e9","Transports","Urbanisme"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/","url":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/","name":"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire - ContribCity","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-04-28T10:40:56+00:00","dateModified":"2020-09-28T15:01:13+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-le-corona-et-la-bce-3-5-centralisation-et-vulnerabilite-sanitaire\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Louis XIV, le Corona et la BCE (3\/7) : centralisation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sanitaire"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#website","url":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/","name":"ContribCity","description":"Parlons de nos lieux de vie","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#organization","name":"ContribCity","url":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cropped-Parlons-de-nos-lieux-de-vie-2.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cropped-Parlons-de-nos-lieux-de-vie-2.jpg","width":1133,"height":218,"caption":"ContribCity"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/person\/ec389c5a78a37ccaee4e8ce098099db5","name":"Bertrand de Foucauld","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c49e25550e4609092f7a00fb677a980813788778df987b36cad9b0fc85a8bf73?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c49e25550e4609092f7a00fb677a980813788778df987b36cad9b0fc85a8bf73?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c49e25550e4609092f7a00fb677a980813788778df987b36cad9b0fc85a8bf73?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Bertrand de Foucauld"},"url":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/author\/bertrand\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3073","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3073"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3073\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5938,"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3073\/revisions\/5938"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3073"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3073"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3073"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}