{"id":3345,"date":"2020-04-28T13:11:36","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T11:11:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=3345"},"modified":"2020-04-28T17:27:08","modified_gmt":"2020-04-28T15:27:08","slug":"louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability\/","title":{"rendered":"Louis XIV, Coronavirus &#038; ECB (3\/7): Centralisation &#038; Health Vulnerability"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From a health perspective, in general terms, any human concentration increases the risk of spreading a disease. When, to this risk factor, are added those of a lack of bodily and domestic hygiene, due to the absence of running or nearby drinking water, the urban environment therefore becomes a favorable environment for geographic spread of a bacteria or virus. For example, the epidemics of Plague in Paris, in 1661-1662, then in 1667, preceded by the terrible famine of the Advent of the king in 1660 and 1661, show the disadvantages of the urban density<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">SABOT Thierry, The great demographic crises of the Old Regime, January 29, 2009. [Accessed 04\/09\/2020], available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.histoire-genealogie.com\/Les-grandes-crises<\/span> -demographic<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. When this environment becomes even denser, under the combined effect of political decisions (centralisation) and technological progress (transport) and commercial progress (financial attractiveness), the risk is multiplied all the more. Thus, cholera epidemics, among others in the dense and unsanitary center of Paris, caused the death of 18,400 people in 1832 and almost 19,000 deaths in 1849<span lang=\"en\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Rapport sur la marche et les effets du chol\u00e9ra-morbus dans Paris et dans le d\u00e9partement de la Seine<\/em> (Report on the progress and the effects of cholera-morbus in Paris and in the department of the Seine), Paris, 1832, p. 202. [Consulted on April 8th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.<\/span> cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/a>. FAURE Alain, &#8220;Sp\u00e9culation et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 : les grands travaux \u00e0 Paris au XIXe si\u00e8cle&#8221; (Speculation and society: major works in Paris in the 19th century), in <em>Histoire, \u00e9conomie et soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em> (History, economy and society) &#8211; March 2004, p 433 to 448, [Consulted on April 8th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/span><\/a>. Read also: CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman est nomm\u00e9 pr\u00e9fet de Paris<\/em> (Haussman is appointed prefect of Paris), [Consulted on April 8th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span>. Indeed, the Parisian population had increased from 700,000 inhabitants in 1817 to 1 million in 1849 and even to 1.2 million in 1853, an increase of 71% in just over a third of a century [3]. However, the center of the capital had hardly changed, recent construction, less unsanitary, being done mainly in the outer districts. Due to the poor quality of water in wells and, before Pasteur, ignorance of the existence of bacteria and viruses<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pasteur published in 1861 a study on the butyric ferment (from butter) demonstrating the existence of bacteria. This work is the result of several decades of European research, by different scholars or inventors, like the Frenchman Nicolas Appert who created the method of conservation in 1795, the <em>Appertisation<\/em>, or like the Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini who discovered in 1854 the bacillus cholera<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, especially in aqueous media, the population did not pay attention to the biological quality of drink. The historian and town planner Michel Carmona corroborates the link between the water we drank and cholera by specifying that all social strata were affected by the bacteria, and not only the poor or working class populations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"en\">At the crossroads of health and transport<\/span>, in 1900, at the time when a curious machine was born which was going to be called <em>automobile<\/em>, 80,000 horses, or <em>dung engines<\/em>, were present in the capital <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BONNIEL Marie-Aude, Le Figaro, &#8220;En 1900 le pic de pollution \u00e0 Paris est d\u00fb aux \u00abmoteurs \u00e0 crottin\u00bb&#8221; (In 1900 the pollution peak in Paris is due to &#8220;dung engine), July 1st, 2016. <span lang=\"en\">[Consulted on April 4th 2020], available at:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07\/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07<\/span> \/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. In 1859, Etienne Lenoir, a French of Belgian origin, invented the first internal combustion engine which would be improved in 1864 by the Frenchman Alphonse Beau de Rochas who developed the theoretical model of the four-stroke cycle to improve the efficiency of the system. In 1897, Rudolf Diesel, a Franco-German engineer &#8211; Europe, again! &#8211; <em>built the first prototype of the oil engine, which would later take the name of its inventor<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019INTERN@UTE, <em>Moteur \u00e0 explosion \u2013 invention d\u2019Etienne Lenoir <\/em>(Combustion Engine &#8211; Etienne Lenoir&#8217;s invention). [Consult\u00e9 le 28 avril 2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml<\/span><\/a>. Also read : L\u2019AUTOMOBILE, <span id=\"sites-page-title\" dir=\"ltr\" tabindex=\"-1\"><em>Le premier moteur \u00e0 explosion et son inventeur &#8211; Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel<\/em> (The First Combustion Engine and its inventor &#8211; Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel). <\/span><span id=\"sites-page-title\" dir=\"ltr\" tabindex=\"-1\">[<span lang=\"en\">Consulted<\/span> on April 28th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. These new technologies made it possible to resolve, with all due respect to the followers of deep ecology, the question of the management of horse dung in the face of the sharp increase in horse-drawn traffic in Paris during the XIXth century. This state of affairs posed a problem of hygiene, but also of esthetics and olfactory comfort, in the whole capital.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Whether in the medical or mechanical fields, these scientific advances show the attractiveness of France and its capital, with this contradiction still difficult to manage for urban planners: the geographic proximity of human beings, within a megalopolis, gives birth to a proliferation of ideas and innovations but also extends the risks for the population. This difficult equation prompts (or in any case should encourage) the authorities to reflect on how to increase the first variable (via the invention of a vaccine, for example) while trying to decrease the second. In the following articles, Contrib&#8217;City will return to the question of decentralisation: thanks to modern transport &#8211; provided that these are disinfected &#8211; and to telecommunication, this decentralisation, particularly in this first half of this XXIst century, is fully integrated into European dynamics and could bring a better demographic balance at continental and regional scales, while allowing to continue developing constructive interactions between citizens.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Additional bibliography<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">B\u00c9LY Lucien, <em>La France moderne. 1498-1789<\/em> (Modern France. 1498-1789), Paris, PUF, 2003<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">GARNOT Beno\u00eet, <em>La population fran\u00e7aise : aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles <\/em>(The French Population: In The XVIth, XVIIth et XVIIIth Century), Paris, Ophrys, 2005.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">LAROUSSE, <em>Guerre de la succession d&#8217;Espagne<\/em> (<span lang=\"en\">War Of The Spanish Succession)<\/span>, [Consulted on the 8th April 2020], available at : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">HERODOTE, 1702-1713 &#8211; Guerre de la Succession d&#8217;Espagne (<span lang=\"en\">War Of The Spanish Succession)<\/span>, le 18\/12\/04. [Consulted on the 8th April 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">REINHARD Marcel, &#8220;La population fran\u00e7aise au XVIIe si\u00e8cle&#8221;&nbsp; (The French Population In The XVIIth Century) in <em>Population<\/em>, 1958, p 619-630, [Consulted on the 8th April 2020], available at : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3345_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2000, 647p<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3345_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3345_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3345_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3345_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_3345_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">SABOT Thierry, The great demographic crises of the Old Regime, January 29, 2009. [Accessed 04\/09\/2020], available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.histoire-genealogie.com\/Les-grandes-crises<\/span> -demographic<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Rapport sur la marche et les effets du chol\u00e9ra-morbus dans Paris et dans le d\u00e9partement de la Seine<\/em> (Report on the progress and the effects of cholera-morbus in Paris and in the department of the Seine), Paris, 1832, p. 202. [Consulted on April 8th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.<\/span> cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/a>. FAURE Alain, &#8220;Sp\u00e9culation et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 : les grands travaux \u00e0 Paris au XIXe si\u00e8cle&#8221; (Speculation and society: major works in Paris in the 19th century), in <em>Histoire, \u00e9conomie et soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em> (History, economy and society) &#8211; March 2004, p 433 to 448, [Consulted on April 8th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-histoire-economie-et-societe-2004-3-page-433.htm<\/span><\/a>. Read also: CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman est nomm\u00e9 pr\u00e9fet de Paris<\/em> (Haussman is appointed prefect of Paris), [Consulted on April 8th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/francearchives.fr\/commemo\/recueil-2003\/40118<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pasteur published in 1861 a study on the butyric ferment (from butter) demonstrating the existence of bacteria. This work is the result of several decades of European research, by different scholars or inventors, like the Frenchman Nicolas Appert who created the method of conservation in 1795, the <em>Appertisation<\/em>, or like the Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini who discovered in 1854 the bacillus cholera<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BONNIEL Marie-Aude, Le Figaro, &#8220;En 1900 le pic de pollution \u00e0 Paris est d\u00fb aux \u00abmoteurs \u00e0 crottin\u00bb&#8221; (In 1900 the pollution peak in Paris is due to &#8220;dung engine), July 1st, 2016. <span lang=\"en\">[Consulted on April 4th 2020], available at:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07\/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/histoire\/archives\/2016\/07<\/span> \/01\/26010-20160701ARTFIG00300-en-1900-le-pic-de-pollution-a-paris-est-du-aux-moteurs-a-crottin.php<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019INTERN@UTE, <em>Moteur \u00e0 explosion \u2013 invention d\u2019Etienne Lenoir <\/em>(Combustion Engine &#8211; Etienne Lenoir&#8217;s invention). [Consult\u00e9 le 28 avril 2020], disponible sur : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.linternaute.com\/science\/invention\/inventions\/415\/moteur-a-explosion.shtml<\/span><\/a>. Also read : L\u2019AUTOMOBILE, <span id=\"sites-page-title\" dir=\"ltr\" tabindex=\"-1\"><em>Le premier moteur \u00e0 explosion et son inventeur &#8211; Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel<\/em> (The First Combustion Engine and its inventor &#8211; Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel). <\/span><span id=\"sites-page-title\" dir=\"ltr\" tabindex=\"-1\">[<span lang=\"en\">Consulted<\/span> on April 28th 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/az42auto\/home\/le-premier-moteur-a-explosion-et-son-inventeur<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">B\u00c9LY Lucien, <em>La France moderne. 1498-1789<\/em> (Modern France. 1498-1789), Paris, PUF, 2003<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GARNOT Beno\u00eet, <em>La population fran\u00e7aise : aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles <\/em>(The French Population: In The XVIth, XVIIth et XVIIIth Century), Paris, Ophrys, 2005.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">LAROUSSE, <em>Guerre de la succession d&#8217;Espagne<\/em> (<span lang=\"en\">War Of The Spanish Succession)<\/span>, [Consulted on the 8th April 2020], available at : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/encyclopedie\/divers\/guerre_de_la_Succession_dEspagne\/145407<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">HERODOTE, 1702-1713 &#8211; Guerre de la Succession d&#8217;Espagne (<span lang=\"en\">War Of The Spanish Succession)<\/span>, le 18\/12\/04. [Consulted on the 8th April 2020], available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/Guerre_de_la_Succession_d_Espagne-synthese-84.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">REINHARD Marcel, &#8220;La population fran\u00e7aise au XVIIe si\u00e8cle&#8221;&nbsp; (The French Population In The XVIIth Century) in <em>Population<\/em>, 1958, p 619-630, [Consulted on the 8th April 2020], available at : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/pop_0032-4663_1958_num_13_4_5734<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3345_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3345_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CARMONA Michel, <em>Haussman<\/em>, Paris, Fayard, 2000, 647p<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_3345_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3345_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3345_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_3345_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3345_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3345_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3345_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3345_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3345_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_3345_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_3345_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3345_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_3345_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3345_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From a health perspective, in general terms, any human concentration increases the risk of spreading a disease. When, to this<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[53,38,26,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economics-social","category-environnement_en","category-sante_en","category-urbanisme_en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Louis XIV, Coronavirus &amp; ECB (3\/7): Centralisation &amp; Health Vulnerability - ContribCity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Louis XIV, Coronavirus &amp; ECB (3\/7): Centralisation &amp; Health Vulnerability - ContribCity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From a health perspective, in general terms, any human concentration increases the risk of spreading a disease. 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