{"id":3991,"date":"2020-05-19T18:00:09","date_gmt":"2020-05-19T16:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=3991"},"modified":"2022-05-09T13:48:56","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T11:48:56","slug":"urbanisation-and-floods-london-paris-re-ed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/05\/19\/urbanisation-and-floods-london-paris-re-ed\/","title":{"rendered":"Urbanisation And Floods (London &#038; Paris) &#8211; Re-ed."},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Contrib&#8217;City is publishing a new edition of its July 6th 2019 article, on the issue of floods and, by extension, on the vulnerability of megalopolises facing so-called &#8220;natural&#8221; risks. In doing that, Contrib&#8217;City just follows April 28th and March 27th, 2020, articles <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability\/<\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/03\/27\/ms-hidalgo-containment-and-urban-density\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/03\/27\/ms-hidalgo-containment-and-urban-density\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3987\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3987\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3987 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/La-Seine-\u00e0-Vitry-1024x741.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/La-Seine-\u00e0-Vitry-1024x741.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/La-Seine-\u00e0-Vitry-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/La-Seine-\u00e0-Vitry-768x556.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/La-Seine-\u00e0-Vitry-1536x1111.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/La-Seine-\u00e0-Vitry.jpg 1867w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3987\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;The Seine river at Vitry&#8221; in <em>Inondations de janvier 1910 n\u00b03 &#8211; Paris et ses environs<\/em>. ed. A. Taride, Paris.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3991 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/05\/19\/extension-urbaine-et-inondations-paris-londres-reed\/gennevilliers-maison-eventree-par-les-eaux\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gennevilliers-Maison-\u00e9ventr\u00e9e-par-les-eaux-1024x593.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3986\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gennevilliers-Maison-\u00e9ventr\u00e9e-par-les-eaux-1024x593.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gennevilliers-Maison-\u00e9ventr\u00e9e-par-les-eaux-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gennevilliers-Maison-\u00e9ventr\u00e9e-par-les-eaux-768x445.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gennevilliers-Maison-\u00e9ventr\u00e9e-par-les-eaux.jpg 1052w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3986'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;Gennevilliers &#8211; Maison \u00e9ventr\u00e9e par les eaux&#8221; in Inondations de janvier 1910 n\u00b03 &#8211; Paris et ses environs. ed. A. Taride, Paris.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/05\/19\/extension-urbaine-et-inondations-paris-londres-reed\/desespoir-dun-enfant-devant-sa-maison-ecroulee\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/D\u00e9sespoir-dun-enfant-devant-sa-maison-\u00e9croul\u00e9e-1024x598.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3985\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/D\u00e9sespoir-dun-enfant-devant-sa-maison-\u00e9croul\u00e9e-1024x598.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/D\u00e9sespoir-dun-enfant-devant-sa-maison-\u00e9croul\u00e9e-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/D\u00e9sespoir-dun-enfant-devant-sa-maison-\u00e9croul\u00e9e-768x448.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/D\u00e9sespoir-dun-enfant-devant-sa-maison-\u00e9croul\u00e9e.jpg 1033w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3985'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;D\u00e9sespoir d&#8217;un enfant devant sa maison \u00e9croul\u00e9e&#8221;, in Inondations de janvier 1910 n\u00b03 &#8211; Paris et ses environs. ed. A. Taride, Paris.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This week, in France, the municipal councils which were elected in the first round will choose their mayors. Crucial decisions will then be taken in terms of planning<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">In France, the mayor has a strong local power, as for example, the urban planning one.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, in a context where very strong tensions exist. In agglomerations like those of Paris or London, when a non-constructible land &#8211; for example because of its flooding character &#8211; is suddenly declared constructible, its property value can be multiplied by 50 folds! Imagine a trader who can sell his products with a 5000% margin: no store manager would even dare to dream about that. In the Real Estate market, it is possible, at least for the municipalities. Tensions in this market encourage local authorities to extend their building areas and to build housing &#8211; or offices and commercial areas &#8211; as well as the (peri)urban infrastructures connecting these, on former floodplains. However, the urban extension of Paris and London Regions increases the vulnerability of these two agglomerations, particularly vis-\u00e0-vis floods, whether in material (Ile-de-France) or human (London) terms.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3977\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3977\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3977 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gare-de-Grenelle-Ceinture.-Ligne-de-Versailles-1024x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gare-de-Grenelle-Ceinture.-Ligne-de-Versailles-1024x600.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gare-de-Grenelle-Ceinture.-Ligne-de-Versailles-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gare-de-Grenelle-Ceinture.-Ligne-de-Versailles-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Gare-de-Grenelle-Ceinture.-Ligne-de-Versailles.jpg 1063w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Grenelle Train Station (Paris Belt). Versailles Line&#8221; in <em>Inondations de janvier 1910 [n\u00b01] &#8211; Paris et ses environs<\/em>, ed. A. Taride, Paris.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The creation of flood control equipment, decided by the public authorities, brings a false sense of security to the inhabitants. These areas could well be flooded again, with all the socio-economic and human consequences that this would imply in the event of a major flood, such as that of Paris in 1910 or that of London in 1928. It is interesting to know that in the 17th century , the Seine and the Thames were much wider than today <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">the width of the Thames was three times that of today<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The narrowing of these two river beds led to an increase in their hydraulic pressures which can become catastrophic during exceptional precipitations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finally, in the talweg <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">German term for the valley bottom line, that is to say that of water collection<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> of the Ile-de-France valleys such as those of Bi\u00e8vre or Chevreuse, the river can take, after one or more thunderstorm rains, a torrential character. To this must be added the lateral watercourses, that is to say the runoff from the hillsides <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">see: &#8220;Altimetric section of the Bi\u00e8vre valley&#8221; in <em>Floods and joint risks: who pays and who benefits? (full edition)<\/em>, May 12, 2020. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/05\/12\/floods-and-joint-risks-who-pays-and-who-benefits-full-edition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/05\/12\/floods-and-joint-risks-who-pays-and-who-benefits-full-edition\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dear Contrib&#8217;Citizen, if you want more details, you can click on one of the links below. You will have access to the development of the points mentioned above during several international conferences, such as the ones organized by the 3rd World Planning Schools Congress, in Perth (Autralia), in 2011 or by the EUROGEO association in Malaga (Spain) in 2016 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurogeography.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.eurogeography.eu\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Lire plus : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fluvial-risk-factor-calculation-1.pdf\">Fluvial risk factor calculation<\/a>&nbsp; or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10449855\/Urbanisation_and_the_fluvial_risk_factor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10449855\/Urbanisation_and_the_fluvial_risk_factor<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>(Cover photo de couverture: the Arcole Bridge, next to the Paris City Hall, on the background on the right, during the peak of the Seine flood in 1910)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Added Bibliography<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BFMTV, <em>Crue de l&#8217;Yvette : une rivi\u00e8re s&#8217;est form\u00e9e dans les rues d&#8217;Orsay &#8211; T\u00e9moins BFMTV<\/em>, le 1er juin 2016. [Consult\u00e9 le 19 mai 2020], disponible sur : <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/temoins.bfmtv.com\/mediaplayer\/video\/crue-de-l-yvette-une-riviere-s-est-formee-dans-les-rues-d-orsay-temoins-bfmtv-825162.html<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">SIAHVY, <em>Gestion des inondations, Le SIAHVY investit pour la protection des riverains<\/em>. [Consult\u00e9 le 19 mai 2020], disponible sur : <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.siahvy.org\/nos-competences\/gestion-inondations<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3991_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.geoportail.gouv.fr\/carte<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3991_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>[scu name=&#8221;map&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3991_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3991_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3991_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_3991_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/04\/28\/louis-xiv-coronavirus-ecb-3-7-centralisation-health-vulnerability\/<\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/03\/27\/ms-hidalgo-containment-and-urban-density\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/03\/27\/ms-hidalgo-containment-and-urban-density\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In France, the mayor has a strong local power, as for example, the urban planning one.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">the width of the Thames was three times that of today<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">German term for the valley bottom line, that is to say that of water collection<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">see: &#8220;Altimetric section of the Bi\u00e8vre valley&#8221; in <em>Floods and joint risks: who pays and who benefits? (full edition)<\/em>, May 12, 2020. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/05\/12\/floods-and-joint-risks-who-pays-and-who-benefits-full-edition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/05\/12\/floods-and-joint-risks-who-pays-and-who-benefits-full-edition\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BFMTV, <em>Crue de l&#8217;Yvette : une rivi\u00e8re s&#8217;est form\u00e9e dans les rues d&#8217;Orsay &#8211; T\u00e9moins BFMTV<\/em>, le 1er juin 2016. [Consult\u00e9 le 19 mai 2020], disponible sur : <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/temoins.bfmtv.com\/mediaplayer\/video\/crue-de-l-yvette-une-riviere-s-est-formee-dans-les-rues-d-orsay-temoins-bfmtv-825162.html<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">SIAHVY, <em>Gestion des inondations, Le SIAHVY investit pour la protection des riverains<\/em>. [Consult\u00e9 le 19 mai 2020], disponible sur : <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.siahvy.org\/nos-competences\/gestion-inondations<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3991_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3991_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3991_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.geoportail.gouv.fr\/carte<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_3991_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3991_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3991_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_3991_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3991_1').hide(); 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