{"id":6326,"date":"2020-12-11T21:11:40","date_gmt":"2020-12-11T20:11:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=6326"},"modified":"2022-05-09T16:11:28","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T14:11:28","slug":"which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"Which Future For The Farmers&#8217; Policy? (India &#038; France\/Europe. Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/08\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Indian farmers&#8217;<\/a> middle men demonstration, which happened in New Delhi in the beginning of December, questions the place of small agricultural entities in society, not only in developing countries but also in richer ones. If the removal of the commercial intermediaries between the agricultural world and the urban services one&nbsp; will help the fields workers to earn better from their hard task, one of their fears is to become hostage of the big agro-business conglomerates. And their anguish is perfectly understandable, given the process that has been occuring in Western Europe since the end of Word War II.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/20181014_154216\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-1024x647.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-6393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-1024x647.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-1536x971.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-2048x1295.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-6393'>\n\t\t\t\tAn example of a medium-sized farm in rural India (Sisauli village, Uttar Pradesh). Photos: BdF, Sisauli, October 14, 2018.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/20181014_171348\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-1024x648.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-6394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-1024x648.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-1536x971.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-2048x1295.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-6394'>\n\t\t\t\tStatues of regional peasant leaders, including Mahendra Singh Tikait, a leader of the North Indian Peasant Movement (1935-2011). Photo: BdF, Sisauli, October 14, 2018.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-98-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6400'>\n\t\t\t\tA local farmer with his cow. Such an animal is sacred in India: its milk is marketed but Hindus cannot eat beef. Photos: BdF, September 30, 2018, Sisauli village, Uttar Pradesh, India.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-103\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6401'>\n\t\t\t\tA small workshop, owned by a middleman, dedicated to measuring the percentage of fat in milk. The intermediary, after buying the milk at a very low price, will go to New Delhi and sell it at a much higher price to an urban middleman. At the end of the traditional commercial circuit, the milk will be sold ten times its first price on the urban market.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc07525\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6404'>\n\t\t\t\tSugar cane plants in a field, with grazing cows.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc07455\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6403'>\n\t\t\t\tSince sugar cane is a tropical seed and requires a lot of water, an electric water pump is ready to use and can irrigate the fields during the hot season.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Even if the Indian government still continues to protect small farmers by artificially maintaining minimum prices for agricultural products, that means asking industry and services workers to pay for their agriculture colleagues. Protection of a country&#8217;s food ressources is a vital point in national resilience. This kind of politics has been developed notably in France, Italy, UK, Germany and Belgium, thanks to the <a href=\"https:\/\/unusualinteresting.com\/the-us-funded-rebuild-of-europe-after-world-war-ii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$13 billion<\/a> ($200 billions in 2017 value) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/the-marshall-plan-1221199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">US Marshall Plan<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">In 1947, former general Georges Marshall, under US President Truman&#8217;s impulson, launched a vast \u20ac13 billion economic development program, called Marshall Plan, which happened between 1947 and 1951. The main ideas were to preserve or put back democatic regimes in Europe and fight communism through prosperity. The Marshall Plan also helped the creation of the future European Union: the US, in reference to their own federal union, were thinking the best way for avoiding another war in Europe was to create a kind of States union in the old continent. Some critics say that in any case, Europe would have bounced back and the Plan was mainly a USA&#8217;s attemps to influence Europe<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Such policy had allowed European agriculture to bounce back and feed their starving populations: tractors appeared in the landscapes after 1947. In 1957, the <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Agricultural Policy<\/a> (CAP) got created and settled in 1961. Today, CAP is not focusing only in agri-commodities but also in <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy\/rural-development_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developping rural life<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6371\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6371\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6371 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-2048x1364.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6371\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of a wood in the fields. Agro-forestry limitates the land erosion by water and wind, allows biodiversity and attracts dampness. The animals which can find a proper biotop in those little forests go from sparrows to foxes to roe deers. Photo: BdF, Servigny-l\u00e8s-Sainte Barbe, Lorraine (Easter France), 15th July 2018.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Altought European Union&#8217;s effort on developping local rural life, farmers&#8217; population has steadily decreased in Europe. In France, for example, even if minimum prices have been garanteed by French and European authorities, the number of small farmers have gone lower and lower since rural exodus peaked after WWII. The small farms which succeeded in maitaining themselves did through such a hardship that it would be punishable by law would had those farmers been employees working in a factory or offices. In 2017, farmers were representing only <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3676623?sommaire=3696937\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2.6% of the French working population<\/a>, down from a third in 1950. In mean figures, today, a farmer can feed 6500 persons (BOURGEOIS Lucien, DESMOTES-MAINARD Magali, &#8220;Les cinquantes ans qui ont chang\u00e9 l&#8217;agriculture fran\u00e7aise&#8221; (&#8220;The Fifty Years which changed French Agriculture&#8221;), <em>Economie rurale<\/em> (Rural Economics), janvier-avril 2000, p 14. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/ecoru_0013-0559_2000_num_255_1_5151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/ecoru_0013-0559_2000_num_255_1_5151<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6372\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6372\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6372 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6372\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A combine harvester in action. Photo: BdF, Servigny-l\u00e8s-Sainte Barbe, Lorraine (Easter France), 15th July 2018.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So even if the the CAP also cares about rural life and environmental issues, at least in theory, it hasn&#8217;t stopped a massive exodus towards the big cities and particulary Paris region where 1\/5 of the French people are now concentrated. Thus, in India, reasoning through maitaining a minimum price would show a historical and geographical oversight.<\/p>\n<p>India should also focus on local development and environmental issues and not only on agri-commodities prices. Why?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Agricultural products prices are calculated according to global markets such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org\/pages\/30.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chicago<\/a> Mercantile Exchange (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmegroup.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CME Group<\/a>), in the global agri-business. When a country or even a continent wants to compete with the world, automatically, it finds itself in a defensive situation regarding those giant financial actors.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In fact, the right social and economic and geographical solution is to look at the small farmers the other way round.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As a child, in the 1970&#8242; and 1980&#8242;, I have been living in the countryside, may it be during school time or the hollidays. I saw that small Farmers knew and loved their land, generally speaking. They depended on it to live, to feed their family. They also cultivated a link with their fields and animals. A few years ago, when I visited countryside, West Uttar Pradesh, I had the priviledge to meet and talk with farmers. In fact, they are the first level of rural develoment. For a public accountant, small farmers have two great qualities: they are motivated to take care of their land and they are good at it, providing they are given some incentives to restrain on some phito-sanitary products and fertilizers.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6378\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6378\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6378 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6378\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Local and peri-urban wineyards in the Lemanic Arc, one of the most dynamic economic region in Europe. Land is expensive and physically very difficult to exploit because of the declivity. Those green spaces have been listed as humanity patrimony by the UN. Thus they are protected from urban sprawling. Photo: BdF, 24th Oct 2017.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6379\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6379\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6379 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6379\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cogwheel train arriving at Aigle terminal station. Thanks to civil engineering expertise, Swiss people benefit from a good rail network which link the towns between them. No centralisation in Switzerland. The territorial tensions are balanced all over this confederal little country, including on the mountainous places. On the right and top sides, a wineyard. Peri-urban agriculture is common. Photo: BdF, 25th Oct 2017.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Farmers can also play a role in keeping up forests. In France, for example, private owners have an important play in developping the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pefc-france.org\/articles\/etat-foret-francaise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">French woods<\/a>. Forests occupy nearly one third, a 70% growth since the beginning of the XIXth century, of the France&#8217;s Metropolitan territory. Wood and paper industry employ 800.000 workers in a 29 million national working population<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">unemployed people included<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc05244\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6376'>\n\t\t\t\tA farm (Ferme de la Resse) in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. This house is used for local mountain farming. Photo: BdF, October 26, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc05239\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6375'>\n\t\t\t\tThe roof is made of wooden tiles. Thus, the local architecture uses local materials. Photo: BdF, October 26, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rather than just looking at small farmers through the agricultural commodities prices, taking a broader spectrum and analysing their very important role in the rural life may bring solutions not only to countryside but also to the (peri)urban zones. In economically allowing private farmers to continue to work in their domain &#8211; agriculture and sylviculture<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">From the Latin word <em>Sylva<\/em>: forest<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> &#8211; may it be through specializing into organic or balanced farming<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6326_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">By <em>Organic farming<\/em>, I mean no use of synthetized fertilizer and phytosanitary products. By <em>balanced farming<\/em>, I mean the use of only small quantities of synthetized agricultural intrants<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6326_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> for example, they will help small and middle towns to also develop, notably through the local markets. In doing so, younger generations could go to local universities specialised in either agro-business or regional development and acquire a level of expertise that rural and experimental lands would make possible. Different activities would result of that, from agro-Research, like for example the French National Institute for Agronomic Research or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inrae.fr\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">INRA<\/a>, to agro-business administration. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agroforesterie.fr\/agroforestry-in-france.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Agroforestry<\/a> &#8211; a mixture of fields and forests in order to get a local scale completary ecosystem (or unit landform, <span lang=\"en\">that is to say with a dimension ranging from 100 to 1000m<\/span>) &#8211; as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/tourismnotes.com\/rural-tourism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rural tourism<\/a> are already giving results in countryside development in Europe.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-5' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-full'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01722\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6410'>\n\t\t\t\tSaclay: this small town is located on the edge of the Parisian suburban area. The presence of forests (background) and land (right) must face the creation of a giant techno pole promoted by the French State and currently underway. Local environmental organizations (for example: \u201cSaclay Citoyen\u201d (for Saclay Citizens)) are deeply opposed to such a vision.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01729\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6412'>\n\t\t\t\tThis water tower shows an elaborate management of drinking water.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01726\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6457'>\n\t\t\t\tThe roofs of the last district in Saclay, at the edge of the fields.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01728\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6411'>\n\t\t\t\tPeriurban pedestrians walking at the limit of built-up areas (the houses are on the left) and unbuilt areas.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01730\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1814\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-1024x726.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-768x544.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-1536x1089.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-2048x1451.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6413'>\n\t\t\t\tHEC business school. A high-level French training that can be used for the food industry. Photos: BdF, Saclay, January 22, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/photo-val-dalbian-inra\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA-768x591.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6455'>\n\t\t\t\tThe Val d&#8217;Albian district, downstream from Jouy-en-Josas. In the foreground, a field on the almost flat bottom of the Bi\u00e8vre valley. The place is a flood-prone and protected area. Below, on a quay, line C of the regional railways (RER) and Vauboyen station. In the background, in the frequent fog at this location, the National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA). This pole is part of the cluster mentioned above and dedicated to training and research: Paris-Saclay University, HEC, Ecole Polytechnique, Atomic Energy Commission, and finally, the campus of the professional school LEA-CFI . Photo: B. de Foucauld, December 8, 2016.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-6' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/foret-de-rambouillet-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-6-6373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-6-6373'>\n\t\t\t\tA doe in a park in the Rambouillet forest, south of the Paris region.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/foret-de-rambouillet-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-6-6374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-6-6374'>\n\t\t\t\tShow of birds of prey in the park. Photos: BdF, Rambouillet, June 29, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Villagers would stop being forced to leave their homeplace and could aggregate their practical knowledge to a high theoritical Research. Such a rural development would stop rural exodus which too often lead to slums or very deprived social-housing districts, crippled with poverty and violence. In preventing people from being obliged to concentrate into mega-cities, in a centralising movement, countryside planning would bring a more balanced territorial system. Rural planning would help to alleviate tensions in megalopolises such as New Delhi (more than 20 million inhabitants) or <a href=\"http:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">London or Paris<\/a> (both have respectivelly a 14 and 12 million souls for a national population of around 66 million).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let India take advantage of the European experience in rural exodus in order to give a real perspective for the rural world of the sub-continent. Let&#8217;s give to the 70% of the Indian population opportunities and means to development their local territories in order to create a balanced and happy future for their children.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-7' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-101\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-206x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-702x1024.jpg 702w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-768x1121.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-1053x1536.jpg 1053w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-1404x2048.jpg 1404w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-scaled.jpg 1754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc06940\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-300x225.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-7-6407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-7-6407'>\n\t\t\t\tLeft photo (BdF, Sept. 30, 2018): Electric wires in the village of Sisauli. Rural infrastructure is essential to modernize life in the countryside and thus promote the economic development of small and medium-sized towns, thus preventing a massive exodus to megalopolises. Photo above: a small solar panel, in the center of Sisauli. Sustainable and local energy is a way to combat both state blackouts and pollution.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc07527\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-225x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-7-6408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-7-6408'>\n\t\t\t\tElectrical panel linked to the water pump above. Technological investment must be a local development priority.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-8' class='gallery galleryid-6326 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-83\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6397'>\n\t\t\t\tA local cane sugar cake making workshop. Photos: BdF, September 30, 2018, Kharar village, Uttar Pradesh, India.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-85-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6399'>\n\t\t\t\tInside the workshop. The open-air oven where the cane sugar is melted.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-84-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6398'>\n\t\t\t\tThen the syrup is molded into cakes.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-81\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6396'>\n\t\t\t\tThe cakes are stored in cardboard boxes which will be sold to middlemen.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><em>(Cover photo: vineyards in Grandvaux village, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Photo: BdF, 24th Oct 2017)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Added bibliography <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/the-marshall-plan-1221199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Marshall Plan &#8211; Rebuilding Western Europe After WWII<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/unusualinteresting.com\/the-us-funded-rebuild-of-europe-after-world-war-ii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marshall Plan: The US funded rebuild of Europe after World War II<\/a><\/p>\n<p>European Commission &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Agricultural Policy<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Politics.co.uk &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/common-agricultural-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common agricultural policy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/terramadresalonedelgusto.com\/en\/the-common-agricultural-policy-keeping-ambitions-high-in-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Common Agricultural Policy<\/a>: Keeping Ambitions High in Europe<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gavinpublishers.com\/articles\/short-communication\/International-Journal-of-Pollution-Research\/ganga-cleaning-forever-with-minimal-money-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ganga Cleaning Forever with Minimal Money\/Time<\/a><\/p>\n<p>FRANCE. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.informaction.info\/cqfs-en-1955-il-y-avait-63-millions-dagriculteurs-en-france-ils-ne-sont-plus-que-500000-aujourdhui\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quelques traits marquants de l\u2019\u00e9volution des structures agraires au XXe si\u00e8cle<\/a> (France: <span lang=\"en\">Some significant features of the evolution of agrarian structures in the XXth Century).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/fiches\/269995-les-grands-secteurs-de-production-primaire-secondaire-et-tertiaire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les grands secteurs de production : primaire, secondaire et tertiaire<\/a> (The Three Main Productions Sectors).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chambres-agriculture.fr\/agriculteur-et-politiques\/tout-savoir-sur-la-pac\/historique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les chambres d&#8217;agriculture accompagnent le plan de relance<\/a> (<span lang=\"en\">The Chambers Of Agriculture Support The Recovery Plan)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hecalumni.fr\/event\/4emes-rencontres-hec-de-l-agroalimentaire\/2019\/11\/13\/5498\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4<sup>\u00e8mes<\/sup> Rencontres HEC de l\u2019Agroalimentaire<\/a>&nbsp; (4th HEC &amp; <span lang=\"en\">Agri-Food Meeting)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>BLANC Christian, BLANC Christian, <em>La croissance ou le chaos<\/em> (Growth Or Chaos), Paris, Odile Jacob, 2006, 237 p<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/saclaycitoyen.jimdofree.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Saclay Citoyen<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.espacerambouillet.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Espace Rambouillet<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inrae.fr\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lea-cfi.fr\/fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LEA-CFI vocational school<\/a>, specialised in the urban jobs.<\/p>\n<p>[scu name=&#8221;map&#8221;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6326_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6326_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6326_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_6326_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6326_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In 1947, former general Georges Marshall, under US President Truman&#8217;s impulson, launched a vast \u20ac13 billion economic development program, called Marshall Plan, which happened between 1947 and 1951. The main ideas were to preserve or put back democatic regimes in Europe and fight communism through prosperity. The Marshall Plan also helped the creation of the future European Union: the US, in reference to their own federal union, were thinking the best way for avoiding another war in Europe was to create a kind of States union in the old continent. Some critics say that in any case, Europe would have bounced back and the Plan was mainly a USA&#8217;s attemps to influence Europe<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6326_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">unemployed people included<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6326_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">From the Latin word <em>Sylva<\/em>: forest<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6326_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6326_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6326_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">By <em>Organic farming<\/em>, I mean no use of synthetized fertilizer and phytosanitary products. By <em>balanced farming<\/em>, I mean the use of only small quantities of synthetized agricultural intrants<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_6326_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6326_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6326_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_6326_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6326_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6326_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6326_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6326_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6326_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_6326_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_6326_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6326_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_6326_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6326_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Indian farmers&#8217; middle men demonstration, which happened in New Delhi in the beginning of December, questions the place of<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6446,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commerce-en","category-environnement_en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Which Future For The Farmers&#039; Policy? 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