{"id":6451,"date":"2020-12-14T23:08:27","date_gmt":"2020-12-14T22:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=6451"},"modified":"2022-05-09T14:33:05","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T12:33:05","slug":"quel-futur-pour-la-politique-agricole-inde-france-europe-2e-partie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2020\/12\/14\/quel-futur-pour-la-politique-agricole-inde-france-europe-2e-partie\/","title":{"rendered":"Quel futur pour la politique agricole? (Inde &#038; France\/Europe)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La manifestation des revendeurs agricoles indiens, qui a eu lieu \u00e0 New Delhi d\u00e9but d\u00e9cembre, remet en question la place des petits fermiers dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, non seulement dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement mais aussi dans les plus riches. Si la suppression des interm\u00e9diaires commerciaux entre le monde agricole et les services urbains aidera les ouvriers des champs \u00e0 mieux gagner leur vie, une de leurs craintes est de devenir l&#8217;otage des grands conglom\u00e9rats agro-industriels. Et leur angoisse est parfaitement compr\u00e9hensible, compte tenu du processus qui se d\u00e9roule en Europe occidentale depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/20181014_154216\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-1024x647.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-6393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-1024x647.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-1536x971.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_154216-scaled-e1607956514669-2048x1295.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-6393'>\n\t\t\t\tAn example of a medium-sized farm in rural India (Sisauli village, Uttar Pradesh). Photos: BdF, Sisauli, October 14, 2018.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/20181014_171348\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-1024x648.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-6394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-1024x648.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-1536x971.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20181014_171348-scaled-e1607956603193-2048x1295.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-6394'>\n\t\t\t\tStatues of regional peasant leaders, including Mahendra Singh Tikait, a leader of the North Indian Peasant Movement (1935-2011). Photo: BdF, Sisauli, October 14, 2018.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-98-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-98-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6400'>\n\t\t\t\tA local farmer with his cow. Such an animal is sacred in India: its milk is marketed but Hindus cannot eat beef. Photos: BdF, September 30, 2018, Sisauli village, Uttar Pradesh, India.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-103\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-103-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6401'>\n\t\t\t\tA small workshop, owned by a middleman, dedicated to measuring the percentage of fat in milk. The intermediary, after buying the milk at a very low price, will go to New Delhi and sell it at a much higher price to an urban middleman. At the end of the traditional commercial circuit, the milk will be sold ten times its first price on the urban market.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc07525\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07525-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6404'>\n\t\t\t\tSugar cane plants in a field, with grazing cows.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc07455\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07455-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6403'>\n\t\t\t\tSince sugar cane is a tropical seed and requires a lot of water, an electric water pump is ready to use and can irrigate the fields during the hot season.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00eame si le gouvernement indien continue de prot\u00e9ger les petits agriculteurs en maintenant artificiellement des prix minimaux pour les produits agricoles, cela signifie aussi demander aux travailleurs de l&#8217;industrie et des services de payer pour leurs coll\u00e8gues fermiers. La protection des ressources alimentaires d&#8217;un pays est un point vital de la r\u00e9silience nationale. Ce type de politique s&#8217;est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 notamment en France, en Italie, au Royaume-Uni, en Allemagne et en Belgique, gr\u00e2ce au plan Marshall am\u00e9ricain de 13 milliards de dollars (valeur de 200 milliards de dollars en 2017) <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6451_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6451_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6451_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">en 1947, l&#8217;ancien g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Georges Marshall, sous l&#8217;impulsion du pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Truman, a lanc\u00e9 un vaste programme de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique de 13 milliards d&#8217;euros, appel\u00e9 plan Marshall, qui s&#8217;est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 entre 1947 et 1951. Les principales id\u00e9es \u00e9taient de pr\u00e9server ou de remettre en place les r\u00e9gimes d\u00e9mocratiques en Europe et de lutter contre le communisme par la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. Le plan Marshall a \u00e9galement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de la future Union europ\u00e9enne : les \u00c9tats-Unis, en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 leur propre union f\u00e9d\u00e9rale, pensaient que le meilleur moyen d&#8217;\u00e9viter une nouvelle guerre en Europe \u00e9tait de cr\u00e9er une sorte d&#8217;union d&#8217;\u00c9tats sur le vieux continent. Certains critiques disent que, de toute fa\u00e7on, l&#8217;Europe aurait rebondi et le plan \u00e9tait principalement une tentative des USA pour influencer l&#8217;Europe<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6451_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Une telle politique avait permis \u00e0 l&#8217;agriculture europ\u00e9enne de rebondir et de nourrir leurs populations affam\u00e9es: les tracteurs sont apparus dans les paysages apr\u00e8s 1947. En 1957, la <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy_fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Politique Agricole Commune<\/a> (PAC) a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e et install\u00e9e en 1961. Aujourd&#8217;hui, la PAC ne se concentre pas uniquement sur la production l&#8217;agro-alimentaire mais aussi dans le <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy\/rural-development_fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">d\u00e9veloppement de la vie rurale<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6371\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6371\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6371 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123627-2048x1364.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6371\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo d&#8217;un bois dans les champs. L&#8217;agroforesterie limite l&#8217;\u00e9rosion des terres par l&#8217;eau et le vent, permet la biodiversit\u00e9 et attire l&#8217;humidit\u00e9. Les animaux qui peuvent trouver un bon biotope dans ces petites for\u00eats vont des moineaux aux chevreuils en passant par renards. Photo: BdF, Servigny-l\u00e8s-Sainte Barbe, Lorraine (Grand Est), 15 juillet 2018.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parall\u00e8lement aux efforts de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne pour d\u00e9velopper la vie rurale locale, la population agricole a r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement diminu\u00e9 en Europe. En France, par exemple, m\u00eame si des prix minimaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 garantis par les autorit\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises et europ\u00e9ennes, le nombre de petits agriculteurs a baiss\u00e9 de plus en plus depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de l&#8217;exode rural qui a culmin\u00e9 apr\u00e8s. Les petites exploitations qui ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 se maintenir ont subi une telle \u00e9preuve qu&#8217;elle serait punie par la loi si ces agriculteurs avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 des employ\u00e9s travaillant dans une usine ou des bureaux. En 2017, les agriculteurs ne repr\u00e9sentaient plus que <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3676623?sommaire=3696937\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2,6% de la population active<\/a> fran\u00e7aise, contre un tiers en 1950. En chiffres moyens, aujourd&#8217;hui, un agriculteur peut nourrir 6500 personnes (BOURGEOIS Lucien, DESMOTES-MAINARD Magali, &#8220;Les cinquantes ans qui ont chang\u00e9 agriculture fran\u00e7aise &#8220;(&#8221; Les cinquante ans qui ont chang\u00e9 l&#8217;agriculture fran\u00e7aise &#8220;), Economie rurale, janvier-avril 2000, p 14. Disponible sur: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/ecoru_0013-0559_2000_num_255_1_5151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/ecoru_0013-0559_2000_num_255_1_5151<\/a> ).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6372\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6372\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6372 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/20180715_123752-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6372\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Une moissonneuse-batteuse en action. Photo: BdF, Servigny-l\u00e8s-Sainte Barbe, Lorraine (Grand-Est), 15 juillet 2018.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alors m\u00eame si la PAC se soucie aussi de la vie rurale et des enjeux environnementaux, du moins en th\u00e9orie, elle n&#8217;a pas arr\u00eat\u00e9 un exode massif vers les grandes villes et notamment la r\u00e9gion parisienne o\u00f9 se concentre d\u00e9sormais 1\/5 des Fran\u00e7ais. Ainsi, en Inde, raisonner uniquement par le maintien d&#8217;un prix minimum montrerait un oubli historique et g\u00e9ographique.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&#8217;Inde devrait \u00e9galement se concentrer sur le d\u00e9veloppement local et les questions environnementales et pas seulement sur les prix des produits agricoles. Pourquoi?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les prix des produits agricoles sont calcul\u00e9s en fonction des march\u00e9s mondiaux tels que le <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org\/pages\/30.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chicago<\/a> Mercantile Exchange (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmegroup.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CME Group<\/a>), dans l&#8217;agro-industrie mondiale. Lorsqu&#8217;un pays ou m\u00eame un continent veut rivaliser avec le monde, automatiquement, il se retrouve dans une situation d\u00e9fensive face \u00e0 ces acteurs financiers g\u00e9ants.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En fait, la bonne solution sociale, \u00e9conomique et g\u00e9ographique est de regarder les fonctions des petits agriculteurs sous un autre angle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enfant, dans les ann\u00e9es 1970 et 1980, j&#8217;ai v\u00e9cu \u00e0 la campagne, que ce soit \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9cole ou en vacances. J&#8217;ai vu que les petits fermiers connaissaient et aimaient leur terre, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Ils en d\u00e9pendaient pour vivre et pour nourrir leur famille : c&#8217;est que l&#8217;on appelait l&#8217;<em>agriculture de subsistance<\/em>, essentiellement familiale. Ils ont \u00e9galement cultiv\u00e9 un lien avec leurs champs et leurs animaux. Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, lorsque j&#8217;ai visit\u00e9 la campagne, dans l&#8217;ouest de l&#8217;Uttar Pradesh, j&#8217;ai eu le privil\u00e8ge de rencontrer et de parler avec des agriculteurs. En fait, ils constituent le premier niveau de d\u00e9veloppement rural. Pour un comptable public, les petits agriculteurs ont deux grandes qualit\u00e9s: ils sont motiv\u00e9s \u00e0 prendre soin de leurs terres et ils y sont bons, \u00e0 condition qu&#8217;ils soient incit\u00e9s \u00e0 limiter l&#8217;utilisation de certains produits phytosanitaires et de certains engrais.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6378\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6378\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6378 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05106-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6378\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vignobles locaux et p\u00e9riurbains de l&#8217;Arc L\u00e9manique, une des r\u00e9gions \u00e9conomiques les plus dynamiques d&#8217;Europe. La terre est ch\u00e8re et physiquement tr\u00e8s difficile \u00e0 exploiter en raison de la d\u00e9clivit\u00e9. Ces espaces verts ont \u00e9t\u00e9 class\u00e9s patrimoine de l&#8217;humanit\u00e9 par l&#8217;ONU. Ainsi, ils sont prot\u00e9g\u00e9s de l&#8217;\u00e9talement urbain. Photo: BdF, 24 oct 2017.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6379\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6379\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6379 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05236-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6379\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Un train \u00e0 cr\u00e9maill\u00e8re arrivant \u00e0 la gare d&#8217;Aigle, le terminus de la ligne. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur expertise en g\u00e9nie civil, les Suisses b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d&#8217;un bon r\u00e9seau ferroviaire qui relie les villes entre elles. Pas de centralisation en Suisse. Les tensions territoriales s&#8217;\u00e9quilibrent partout dans ce petit pays conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9, y compris sur les lieux montagneux. Sur les c\u00f4t\u00e9s droit et sup\u00e9rieur, un vignoble. L&#8217;agriculture p\u00e9riurbaine est courante. Photo: BdF, 25 oct 2017.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les agriculteurs peuvent \u00e9galement jouer un r\u00f4le dans l&#8217;entretien des for\u00eats. En France, par exemple, les propri\u00e9taires priv\u00e9s occupent une place importante dans le d\u00e9veloppement de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pefc-france.org\/articles\/etat-foret-francaise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for\u00eat fran\u00e7aise<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foretpriveefrancaise.com\/n\/la-foret-privee-sur-le-territoire-francais\/n:30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">les 3\/4 des surfaces bois\u00e9es de la m\u00e9tropole sont priv\u00e9s<\/a>. Les for\u00eats occupent pr\u00e8s d&#8217;un tiers, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ign.fr\/institut\/le-mag\/la-foret-en-france-chiffres-cles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">en progression de 70% par rapport au d\u00e9but du XIXe si\u00e8cle<\/a>, du territoire m\u00e9tropolitain fran\u00e7ais. L&#8217;industrie du bois et du papier emploie 800 000 travailleurs dans une population active nationale de 29 millions de personnes (ch\u00f4meurs compris)).<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc05244\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05244-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6376'>\n\t\t\t\tA farm (Ferme de la Resse) in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. This house is used for local mountain farming. Photo: BdF, October 26, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc05239\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC05239-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6375'>\n\t\t\t\tThe roof is made of wooden tiles. Thus, the local architecture uses local materials. Photo: BdF, October 26, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plut\u00f4t que de se contenter de regarder les petits agriculteurs \u00e0 travers les prix des produits agricoles, prendre un spectre plus large et analyser leur r\u00f4le tr\u00e8s important dans la vie rurale peut apporter des solutions non seulement aux campagnes mais aussi aux zones (p\u00e9ri) urbaines. En permettant \u00e9conomiquement aux fermiers de continuer \u00e0 travailler dans leur domaine de comp\u00e9tence &#8211; l&#8217;agriculture ou la sylviculture<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6451_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6451_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6451_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Du mot latin Sylva: for\u00eat<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6451_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> &#8211; que ce soit en se sp\u00e9cialisant, par exemple, dans la culture biologique ou \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_6451_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_6451_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6451_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Par agriculture biologique, je veux dire pas d&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;engrais synth\u00e9tis\u00e9 et phytosanitaire Par agriculture \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e, j&#8217;entends l&#8217;utilisation de petites quantit\u00e9s d&#8217;intrants agricoles synth\u00e9tis\u00e9s<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6451_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, ils aideront les petites et moyennes villes \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper \u00e9galement, notamment \u00e0 travers les march\u00e9s locaux. Ce faisant, les jeunes g\u00e9n\u00e9rations pourraient aller dans des universit\u00e9s locales sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans l&#8217;agro-industrie ou le d\u00e9veloppement r\u00e9gional et acqu\u00e9rir un niveau d&#8217;expertise que les terres rurales et exp\u00e9rimentales rendraient possible. Diff\u00e9rentes activit\u00e9s en r\u00e9sulteraient, de l&#8217;agro-recherche, comme par exemple l&#8217;Institut national de la recherche agronomique ou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inrae.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">INRA<\/a>, \u00e0 l&#8217;administration de l&#8217;agro-entreprise. L&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.agroforesterie.fr\/agroforestry-in-france.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agroforesterie<\/a> &#8211; un m\u00e9lange de champs et de for\u00eats pour obtenir un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me complet \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle locale (ou un g\u00e9ofaci\u00e8s, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire d&#8217;une dimension allant de 100 \u00e0 1000m) &#8211; ainsi que le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entreprises.gouv.fr\/fr\/tourisme\/developpement-et-competitivite-du-secteur\/tourisme-rural\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tourisme rural<\/a> donnent d\u00e9j\u00e0 des r\u00e9sultats dans le d\u00e9veloppement campagnard en Europe.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-5' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-full'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01722\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01722-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6410'>\n\t\t\t\tSaclay: this small town is located on the edge of the Parisian suburban area. The presence of forests (background) and land (right) must face the creation of a giant techno pole promoted by the French State and currently underway. Local environmental organizations (for example: \u201cSaclay Citoyen\u201d (for Saclay Citizens)) are deeply opposed to such a vision.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01729\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01729-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6412'>\n\t\t\t\tThis water tower shows an elaborate management of drinking water.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01726\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01726-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6457'>\n\t\t\t\tThe roofs of the last district in Saclay, at the edge of the fields.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01728\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01728-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6411'>\n\t\t\t\tPeriurban pedestrians walking at the limit of built-up areas (the houses are on the left) and unbuilt areas.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc01730\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1814\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-1024x726.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-768x544.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-1536x1089.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC01730-2048x1451.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6413'>\n\t\t\t\tHEC business school. A high-level French training that can be used for the food industry. Photos: BdF, Saclay, January 22, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/photo-val-dalbian-inra\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Photo-Val-dAlbian-INRA-768x591.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6455'>\n\t\t\t\tThe Val d&#8217;Albian district, downstream from Jouy-en-Josas. In the foreground, a field on the almost flat bottom of the Bi\u00e8vre valley. The place is a flood-prone and protected area. Below, on a quay, line C of the regional railways (RER) and Vauboyen station. In the background, in the frequent fog at this location, the National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA). This pole is part of the cluster mentioned above and dedicated to training and research: Paris-Saclay University, HEC, Ecole Polytechnique, Atomic Energy Commission, and finally, the campus of the professional school LEA-CFI . Photo: B. de Foucauld, December 8, 2016.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-6' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/foret-de-rambouillet-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-6-6373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-6-6373'>\n\t\t\t\tA doe in a park in the Rambouillet forest, south of the Paris region.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/foret-de-rambouillet-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-6-6374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Foret-de-rambouillet-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-6-6374'>\n\t\t\t\tShow of birds of prey in the park. Photos: BdF, Rambouillet, June 29, 2017.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les villageois cesseraient d&#8217;\u00eatre forc\u00e9s de quitter leur foyer et pourraient regrouper leurs connaissances pratiques en une recherche th\u00e9orique de haut niveau. Un tel d\u00e9veloppement rural arr\u00eaterait l&#8217;exode qui m\u00e8ne trop souvent aux bidonvilles ou \u00e0 des quartiers de logements sociaux tr\u00e8s d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s, gangren\u00e9s par la pauvret\u00e9 et \u00e0 la violence. En emp\u00eachant les gens d&#8217;\u00eatre oblig\u00e9s de se concentrer dans les m\u00e9gapoles, dans un mouvement centralisateur, l&#8217;am\u00e9nagement du territoire apporterait un syst\u00e8me territorial plus \u00e9quilibr\u00e9. La planification rurale contribuerait \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les tensions dans les m\u00e9galopoles telles que New Delhi (plus de 20 millions d&#8217;habitants) ou Londres ou Paris (les deux ont respectivement 14 et 12 millions d&#8217;\u00e2mes pour une population nationale d&#8217;environ 66 millions d&#8217;habitants).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Laissons l&#8217;Inde profiter de l&#8217;exp\u00e9rience europ\u00e9enne de l&#8217;exode rural pour donner une vraie perspective au monde rural du sous-continent. Donnons aux 70% de la population indienne des opportunit\u00e9s et des moyens de d\u00e9velopper leurs territoires locaux afin de cr\u00e9er un avenir \u00e9quilibr\u00e9 et heureux pour leurs enfants.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-7' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-101\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-206x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-702x1024.jpg 702w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-768x1121.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-1053x1536.jpg 1053w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-1404x2048.jpg 1404w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-101-scaled.jpg 1754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc06940\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-300x225.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-7-6407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC06940-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-7-6407'>\n\t\t\t\tLeft photo (BdF, Sept. 30, 2018): Electric wires in the village of Sisauli. Rural infrastructure is essential to modernize life in the countryside and thus promote the economic development of small and medium-sized towns, thus preventing a massive exodus to megalopolises. Photo above: a small solar panel, in the center of Sisauli. Sustainable and local energy is a way to combat both state blackouts and pollution.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/dsc07527\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-225x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-7-6408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/DSC07527-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-7-6408'>\n\t\t\t\tElectrical panel linked to the water pump above. Technological investment must be a local development priority.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-8' class='gallery galleryid-6451 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-83\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-83-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6397'>\n\t\t\t\tA local cane sugar cake making workshop. Photos: BdF, September 30, 2018, Kharar village, Uttar Pradesh, India.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-85-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-85-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6399'>\n\t\t\t\tInside the workshop. The open-air oven where the cane sugar is melted.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-84-flout\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-84-flout-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6398'>\n\t\t\t\tThen the syrup is molded into cakes.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2020\/12\/11\/which-future-for-the-farmers-policy-india-france-europe\/b-de-foucauld-local-devt-81\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-6396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/B-de-Foucauld-Local-Devt-81-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-6396'>\n\t\t\t\tThe cakes are stored in cardboard boxes which will be sold to middlemen.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><em>(Photo de couverture: vignobles du village de Grandvaux, Canton de Vaud, Suisse. Photo: BdF, 24 octobre 2017)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Added bibliography <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/the-marshall-plan-1221199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Marshall Plan &#8211; Rebuilding Western Europe After WWII<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/unusualinteresting.com\/the-us-funded-rebuild-of-europe-after-world-war-ii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marshall Plan: The US funded rebuild of Europe after World War II<\/a><\/p>\n<p>European Commission &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Agricultural Policy<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Politics.co.uk &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/reference\/common-agricultural-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common agricultural policy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/terramadresalonedelgusto.com\/en\/the-common-agricultural-policy-keeping-ambitions-high-in-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Common Agricultural Policy<\/a>: Keeping Ambitions High in Europe<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gavinpublishers.com\/articles\/short-communication\/International-Journal-of-Pollution-Research\/ganga-cleaning-forever-with-minimal-money-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ganga Cleaning Forever with Minimal Money\/Time<\/a><\/p>\n<p>FRANCE. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.informaction.info\/cqfs-en-1955-il-y-avait-63-millions-dagriculteurs-en-france-ils-ne-sont-plus-que-500000-aujourdhui\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quelques traits marquants de l\u2019\u00e9volution des structures agraires au XXe si\u00e8cle<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/fiches\/269995-les-grands-secteurs-de-production-primaire-secondaire-et-tertiaire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les grands secteurs de production : primaire, secondaire et tertiaire<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chambres-agriculture.fr\/agriculteur-et-politiques\/tout-savoir-sur-la-pac\/historique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les chambres d&#8217;agriculture accompagnent le plan de relance<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hecalumni.fr\/event\/4emes-rencontres-hec-de-l-agroalimentaire\/2019\/11\/13\/5498\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4<sup>\u00e8mes<\/sup> Rencontres HEC de l\u2019Agroalimentaire<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>BLANC Christian, BLANC Christian, <em>La croissance ou le chaos<\/em>, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2006, 237 p<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/saclaycitoyen.jimdofree.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Saclay Citoyen<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.espacerambouillet.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Espace Rambouillet<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/rga_0035-1121_1998_num_86_3_2893\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tourisme en espace rural : le territoire \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9preuve<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lea-cfi.fr\/fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LEA-CFI <\/a><\/p>\n<p>[scu name=&#8221;map&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6451_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6451_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6451_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_6451_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6451_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">en 1947, l&#8217;ancien g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Georges Marshall, sous l&#8217;impulsion du pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Truman, a lanc\u00e9 un vaste programme de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique de 13 milliards d&#8217;euros, appel\u00e9 plan Marshall, qui s&#8217;est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 entre 1947 et 1951. Les principales id\u00e9es \u00e9taient de pr\u00e9server ou de remettre en place les r\u00e9gimes d\u00e9mocratiques en Europe et de lutter contre le communisme par la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. Le plan Marshall a \u00e9galement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de la future Union europ\u00e9enne : les \u00c9tats-Unis, en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 leur propre union f\u00e9d\u00e9rale, pensaient que le meilleur moyen d&#8217;\u00e9viter une nouvelle guerre en Europe \u00e9tait de cr\u00e9er une sorte d&#8217;union d&#8217;\u00c9tats sur le vieux continent. Certains critiques disent que, de toute fa\u00e7on, l&#8217;Europe aurait rebondi et le plan \u00e9tait principalement une tentative des USA pour influencer l&#8217;Europe<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6451_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Du mot latin Sylva: for\u00eat<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6451_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6451_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6451_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Par agriculture biologique, je veux dire pas d&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;engrais synth\u00e9tis\u00e9 et phytosanitaire Par agriculture \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e, j&#8217;entends l&#8217;utilisation de petites quantit\u00e9s d&#8217;intrants agricoles synth\u00e9tis\u00e9s<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_6451_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6451_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6451_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_6451_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6451_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6451_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6451_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6451_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6451_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_6451_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_6451_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6451_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_6451_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6451_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La manifestation des revendeurs agricoles indiens, qui a eu lieu \u00e0 New Delhi d\u00e9but d\u00e9cembre, remet en question la place<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6446,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environnement_fr","category-commerce-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Quel futur pour la politique agricole? 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