{"id":7333,"date":"2021-04-16T12:28:05","date_gmt":"2021-04-16T10:28:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=7333"},"modified":"2023-03-04T12:37:42","modified_gmt":"2023-03-04T11:37:42","slug":"les-barrages-comme-solution-infaillible-a-deux-problemes-urbains-la-pollution-des-rivieres-et-les-inondations-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2021\/04\/16\/les-barrages-comme-solution-infaillible-a-deux-problemes-urbains-la-pollution-des-rivieres-et-les-inondations-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Les barrages comme solution infaillible \u00e0 deux probl\u00e8mes urbains : la pollution des rivi\u00e8res et les inondations"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par le Prof. \u00e9m\u00e9rite Devendra Swaroop BHARGAVA, anciennement \u00e0 l’IIT de Kanpur et de Roorkee, ainsi qu’\u00e0 l’AIT de Bangkok.<\/p>\n

Les probl\u00e8mes<\/h2>\n

Les fleuves le long des villes soutiennent de nombreuses activit\u00e9s humaines qui polluent ces cours d’eau. La pollution des rivi\u00e8res et le d\u00e9veloppement humain sont donc symbiotiques. Dans aucune ville du monde, toutes (100%) des eaux us\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es sont ou peuvent \u00eatre collect\u00e9es par les \u00e9gouts. En cons\u00e9quence, en fonction de la gestion de la ville, une partie des eaux us\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es p\u00e9n\u00e8tre directement dans la rivi\u00e8re. En Inde, plus de 50% des eaux us\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es (provenant des diverses activit\u00e9s humaines) p\u00e9n\u00e8trent directement dans le fleuve tandis que dans de nombreux pays plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, ce chiffre tombe \u00e0 environ 15% \u00e0 30%, ce qui est \u00e9galement suffisamment important pour maintenir le fleuve pollu\u00e9. En plus de cela, l’impact en Inde est plus grave \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que la plupart des rivi\u00e8res indiennes sont principalement utilis\u00e9es pour divers rites religieux tels que l’Aachman<\/em>, l’inhalation directe des eaux du fleuve saint pour assurer le salut. En effet, l’Aachman<\/em> n\u00e9cessite une qualit\u00e9 de l’eau de la rivi\u00e8re \u00e9quivalente \u00e0 celle de l’eau potable.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, regardez l’anomalie, en Inde, la qualit\u00e9 de l’eau des rivi\u00e8res d’une part est bien inf\u00e9rieure, tandis que d’autre part, il y a un besoin d’une bien meilleure qualit\u00e9 de l’eau fluviale par rapport \u00e0 de nombreux pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s. Cela n\u00e9cessite un contr\u00f4le sanitaire des rivi\u00e8res plus rigoureux en Inde alors que dans de nombreux pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, le contr\u00f4le de la qualit\u00e9 des rivi\u00e8res est sup\u00e9rieur aux besoins. Telle est la manifestation du d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n

Les rivi\u00e8res le long des villes causent des difficult\u00e9s de diff\u00e9rentes sortes lorsque les rivi\u00e8res sont inond\u00e9es en raison des pluies excessives pendant la mousson. Les cours d’eau doivent donc \u00eatre g\u00e9r\u00e9s pour emp\u00eacher les eaux de crue excessives de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans la ville.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Les Solutions<\/h2>\n

Les deux probl\u00e8mes identifi\u00e9s sont la pollution des rivi\u00e8res par les d\u00e9chets g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par la ville et la perturbation de la ville par les inondations qui se produisent dans les rivi\u00e8res. Et ces deux probl\u00e8mes peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9solus simultan\u00e9ment et de la mani\u00e8re la plus \u00e9conomique et efficace en cr\u00e9ant une barri\u00e8re \u00e9lev\u00e9e entre le fleuve et la ville de telle sorte qu’aucune goutte d’eau us\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e dans la ville ne soit autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans le fleuve d’une part, et m\u00eame pas un goutte d’eau de crue est autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 entrer dans la ville d’autre part.<\/p>\n

Un barrage ou un mur de sout\u00e8nement d’une hauteur et d’une r\u00e9sistance suffisantes peut \u00eatre con\u00e7u et construit le long des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la rivi\u00e8re pour s’assurer que m\u00eame le niveau d’eau le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la rivi\u00e8re inond\u00e9e ne d\u00e9passe pas le sommet du barrage ou du mur. Et un tel barrage emp\u00eachera automatiquement l’entr\u00e9e des eaux us\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es dans la ville. Cela r\u00e9soudra les deux probl\u00e8mes \u00e9nonc\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Les eaux us\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es dans la ville seront collect\u00e9es par un syst\u00e8me d’assainissement bien con\u00e7u et transport\u00e9es jusqu’\u00e0 2 ou 3 km en aval de la ville o\u00f9 elles seront soumises \u00e0 une purification par un traitement primaire ou des traitements primaires, secondaires voire \u00e9galement tertiaires. Ces traitements seront en fonction des fonds disponibles aupr\u00e8s de l’administration municipale.<\/p>\n

Les eaux us\u00e9es trait\u00e9es riches en fumier peuvent \u00eatre fournies (voire vendues pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer une partie des co\u00fbts de traitement des eaux us\u00e9es) aux agriculteurs pour une agriculture biologique plus rentable. Les boues g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour la fabrication de fumier et \/ ou le remplissage des terres et \/ ou certaines constructions et \/ ou pour la production de gaz (par sa digestion ana\u00e9robie) pour compl\u00e9ter les besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n

Les effluents d’eaux us\u00e9es trait\u00e9es restants peuvent facilement \u00eatre \u00e9vacu\u00e9s du c\u00f4t\u00e9 aval de la rivi\u00e8re pour \u00eatre auto-purifi\u00e9s au moment o\u00f9 ils atteignent la ville plus bas. Selon les recherches de l’auteur, le Gange de l’Inde a une capacit\u00e9 d’auto-\u00e9puration tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9e qui est 15 \u00e0 25 fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que la plupart des autres rivi\u00e8res et peut donc entra\u00eener des \u00e9conomies sur les co\u00fbts de traitement des eaux us\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Un cas d’exemple<\/h2>\n

\u00c0 Lucknow, la capitale de l’Uttar Pradesh, le plus grand \u00c9tat indien, de tels barrages ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits sur la rivi\u00e8re Gomti. Mais certains ing\u00e9nieurs ont plus tard perc\u00e9 un grand trou sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 amont du barrage, uniquement pour pomper les eaux us\u00e9es brutes de la rivi\u00e8re pour cheminer ces derni\u00e8res en amont d’un ghat<\/em> (plate-forme) de bain hindouiste o\u00f9 les hindous prient et pratiquent l’Aachman<\/em>. Ces ing\u00e9nieurs ont peut-\u00eatre non seulement jou\u00e9 avec les sentiments des hindous, la plus grande population de l’Inde, mais ont \u00e9galement manifest\u00e9 leur incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 g\u00e9rer la qualit\u00e9 des rivi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

De m\u00eame, en 1985, le gouvernement a lanc\u00e9 un programme pour contr\u00f4ler la pollution du Gange mais aucune am\u00e9lioration n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9e dans la qualit\u00e9 de l’eau du fleuve, \u00e0 cause des \u00abpseudos\u00bb qui contr\u00f4laient non seulement le minist\u00e8re de l’Environnement en Inde et ses prises de d\u00e9cisions, etc., mais appartenaient \u00e0 la cat\u00e9gorie du gar\u00e7on insens\u00e9 qui avait tu\u00e9 la poule aux \u0153ufs d’or croyant pouvoir obtenir l’ensemble en une seule journ\u00e9e (en effet, si le Gange est nettoy\u00e9, qui empochera des milliards de dollars chaque ann\u00e9e pour nettoyer le fleuve ?)<\/p>\n

Les sites de barrage peuvent \u00eatre magnifiquement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s avec une architecture attrayante, des balan\u00e7oires, des parterres de fleurs, des parasols, des bancs confortables, des chemins d’escalade, des aires de jeux, des marches pour se baigner dans les eaux de la rivi\u00e8re, etc. pour attirer les enfants, les touristes et les citadins en ballade.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hindustan Times<\/a> : 1,35 million de p\u00e8lerins se rassemblaient le mercredi 14 avril 2021, \u00e0 Haridwar, sur la rive du Gange.  En cette p\u00e9riode, au probl\u00e8me sanitaire de la pollution de l’eau, il faut rajouter celui du virus couronn\u00e9 (Covid 19).<\/p>\n

NDTV <\/a>   : Thousands, Many Maskless, Gather For Kumbh Mela Amid India Covid Battle.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Trad. : B. de Foucauld<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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