{"id":855,"date":"2019-09-16T14:22:18","date_gmt":"2019-09-16T12:22:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=855"},"modified":"2020-04-03T18:20:12","modified_gmt":"2020-04-03T16:20:12","slug":"rurbanite-lexemple-de-metz-2nde-partie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/09\/16\/rurbanite-lexemple-de-metz-2nde-partie\/","title":{"rendered":"Rurbanisation : l&#8217;exemple de Metz (2\/2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans ce m\u00e9canisme d&#8217;embourgeoisement progressif des villages situ\u00e9s autour des principales agglom\u00e9rations fran\u00e7aise, dont Metz, ces territoires rurbains r\u00e9v\u00e8lent leurs richesses mais aussi les risques potentiels, \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle locale ou r\u00e9gionale, inh\u00e9rents \u00e0 ce nouveau type d&#8217;am\u00e9nagement. Alors, face \u00e0 cet engouement de la <em>ville \u00e0 la campagne &#8211;<\/em> une r\u00e9miniscence du jardin d\u2019\u00c9den ? &#8211;&nbsp; comment aborder la question?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(Photo de couverture : maisons modernes install\u00e9es le long de l&#8217;axe est-ouest (de gauche \u00e0 droite sur l&#8217;image) : la D3a, respectivement rue du Queulot et rue de Villers-l&#8217;Orme dans le village de Failly, \u00e0 l&#8217;est de Metz. Ce d\u00e9veloppement rurbain, essentiellement habit\u00e9 par des m\u00e9nages travaillant dans l&#8217;agglom\u00e9ration messine, progresse le long de la vall\u00e9e tout en restant \u00e0 quelques distances du cours d&#8217;eau. BdF, le 24 ao\u00fbt 2019, depuis l&#8217;ancien trac\u00e9 de la ligne de chemin fer allemande).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quelles pistes de solutions?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Que faut-il faire? Faut-il augmenter la densification des zones d\u00e9j\u00e0 urbanis\u00e9es des m\u00e9tropoles? Mais dans ce cas-l\u00e0, comment r\u00e9pondre aux souhaits de nombreux m\u00e9nages de poss\u00e9der une maison avec jardin : les obliger \u00e0 se parquer dans des quartiers o\u00f9 ils n&#8217;auraient pas voulu s&#8217;installer et donc entra\u00eener des tensions quotidiennes dans une zone d\u00e9j\u00e0 dens\u00e9ment peupl\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 une zone rurale?&nbsp; Et dans ce cas-l\u00e0, est-ce que ce type d&#8217;obligation serait compatible avec notre cadre juridique d\u00e9mocratique? Est-ce qu&#8217;un jeune m\u00e9nage de cadres voudra forc\u00e9ment s&#8217;installer dans le quartier de Borny? Rappelons que ce dernier fut class\u00e9 en zone d&#8217;\u00e9ducation prioritaire en 1982 et une partie de ce territoire, le plateau des Hauts de Bl\u00e9mont, d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Zone Urbaine Sensible en 1996<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Souvent, lorsqu&#8217;un quartier ou partie de quartier est d\u00e9clar\u00e9 en zone d&#8217;\u00e9ducation prioritaire, le premier r\u00e9flexe des parents qui le peuvent est justement faire changer d&#8217;\u00e9cole leurs enfants. Ainsi, ce qui se voulait \u00eatre une aide publique \u00e0 un territoire donn\u00e9 se r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00eatre une discrimination publique et un encouragement &#8211; involontaire? &#8211; \u00e0 concentrer les m\u00e9nages en difficult\u00e9 socio-\u00e9conomique et \u00e0 faire fuir les classes moyennes<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pourtant lors de sa cr\u00e9ation en 1960, l&#8217;architecte Jean Dubuisson, <em>se pr\u00e9sentant comme un des disciples de Le Corbusier<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">MERLIN Pierre, <em>Les grands ensembles<\/em>, Paris, La Documentation fran\u00e7aise, 2010, p59<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et influenc\u00e9 par <em>les id\u00e9es de la Charte d&#8217;Ath\u00e8nes<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cette charte, publi\u00e9e en 1941 par Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, dit Le Corbusier, repose essentiellement sur la notion de <em>fonctionalisme, <\/em>c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire que l&#8217;espace doit \u00eatre r\u00e9parti selon quatre fonctions majeures : habiter, travailler, circuler et se divertir (<em>se recr\u00e9er le corps et l&#8217;esprit<\/em>). Le logement est fourni par les cit\u00e9s HLM (Borny en l&#8217;occurence), le travail propos\u00e9 par les zones industrielles (usine Citro\u00ebn install\u00e9e dans le m\u00eame quartier en 1968), la circulation gr\u00e2ce aux (auto)routes urbaines (promulgu\u00e9es par Pompidou) <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <em>[devenues] dominantes<\/em> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">MERLIN Pierre, <em>Les grands ensembles<\/em>, Paris, La Documentation fran\u00e7aise, 2010, p59<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, avait construit, comme pour la plupart des nouveaux grands ensembles HLM fran\u00e7ais, des logements avec un haut niveau de confort poss\u00e9dant le chauffage central, l&#8217;eau chaude, une salle de bain et des toilettes (uniquement 2% de toutes les habitations en France avaient de type confort en 1945). De m\u00eame, le pourcentage de cadres dans ces quartiers nouveaux, dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 et 1960, \u00e9tait sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la moyenne nationale. A Borny, y compris au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1970, des actifs des classes moyennes, et notamment des enseignants, se sont install\u00e9s&#8230;avant de finalement quitter le quartier, sans \u00eatre remplac\u00e9s par d&#8217;autres membres de la m\u00eame cat\u00e9gorie socio-professionnelle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Faut-il encourager les jeunes m\u00e9nages \u00e0 ne s&#8217;installer que dans les zones rurales qui entourent la m\u00e9tropole, \u00e0 l&#8217;instar de ceux qui ont acquis leurs habitations dans les villages de Nouilly ou Failly, \u00e0 l&#8217;est de Metz? Mais dans ce cas-l\u00e0, d&#8217;autres d\u00e9fis entrent en ligne de compte comme vu dans la premi\u00e8re partie de cet article<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand, <em>L\u2019agglom\u00e9ration de Metz : pourquoi tant d\u2019atouts si peu exploit\u00e9s<\/em>, le 13 ao\u00fbt 2019. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> : la pollution, les risque d&#8217;inondation mais aussi la diminution des terres arables pouvant poser, \u00e0 terme, la question de l&#8217;auto-suffisance alimentaire.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La croissance \u00e9conomique permet de faire vivre un territoire malgr\u00e9 les d\u00e9fis socio-politiques (les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de croissance entre les territoires) et environnementaux qu&#8217;elle apporte \u00e9galement. Certains intellectuels ont propos\u00e9 de tendre non plus vers une augmentation de la production \u00e9conomique mais au contraire de viser un \u00e9quilibre stable, une croissance z\u00e9ro<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">rapport Meadows ou &#8220;Halte \u00e0 la croissance&#8221; (traduction fran\u00e7aise) publi\u00e9 en 1971<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Mais \u00e0 ce courant de pens\u00e9e, je pose la question&nbsp; : <em>qui paye?&nbsp; <\/em>Les manifestations nationales des gilets jaunes en 2019, quelque fois d&#8217;une violence comparable \u00e0 celle d&#8217;une \u00e9meute ou d&#8217;une insurrection, ont montr\u00e9 que les territoires &#8211; en l\u2019occurrence les <em>zones oubli\u00e9es<\/em>, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire p\u00e9ri-urbaines ou rurales, lorsqu&#8217;ils d\u00e9clinaient, engendraient de la mis\u00e8re. Un ralentissement de la production industrielle et tertiaire entra\u00eene du ch\u00f4mage et donc une diminution des revenus tant priv\u00e9s que publics (imp\u00f4ts). Du coup, la population locale, pour les m\u00e9nages qui le peuvent, va chercher \u00e0 quitter cette <em>zone oubli\u00e9e<\/em> pour s&#8217;installer \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9tropole de la r\u00e9gion, comme Metz, voire \u00e0 d\u00e9m\u00e9nager en Ile-de-France.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Une solution classique consiste plut\u00f4t \u00e0 informer et accompagner les m\u00e9nages dans leur d\u00e9cisions relatives \u00e0 leur parcours r\u00e9sidentiels. Que ce soit un couple qui d\u00e9cide de lancer une famille en zone p\u00e9ri-urbaine ou rurbaine, un \u00e9tudiant qui part \u00e9tudier en centre-ville ou bien de jeunes retrait\u00e9s qui d\u00e9cident de partir \u00e0 la campagne ou encore une veuve \u00e2g\u00e9e qui d\u00e9m\u00e9nage dans une maison de retraite en zone urbaine, les collectivit\u00e9s locales, notamment dans un r\u00e9gime d\u00e9mocratique, ont int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 comprendre et \u00e0 essayer de pr\u00e9voir, ou tout du moins accompagner, les besoins et les r\u00eaves de leurs habitants dont leurs \u00e9lecteurs. Par exemple, la population de la m\u00e9tropole de Metz a diminu\u00e9 de 1,8% entre 2006 et 2011 selon Metz-M\u00e9tropole et de 0,3% par an entre 2010 et 2015 selon l&#8217;INSEE. Le manque de logements n&#8217;est pas la cause premi\u00e8re de cette baisse d\u00e9mographique car leur taux d&#8217;occupation a baiss\u00e9. Ce n&#8217;est pas vraiment non plus la co\u00fbt de l&#8217;habitat en centre-ville : si des communes comme Nouilly ont vu leur population augmenter de 6,5% annuellement sur la p\u00e9riode 2010-2015, celle de Ch\u00e2tel Saint-Germain a vu la sienne diminuer de 4,4% annuellement.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_844\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-844\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-844 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Nouveau-lotissement-\u00e0-Nouilly-Rupt-de-Vau-1024x265.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Nouveau-lotissement-\u00e0-Nouilly-Rupt-de-Vau-1024x265.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Nouveau-lotissement-\u00e0-Nouilly-Rupt-de-Vau-300x78.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Nouveau-lotissement-\u00e0-Nouilly-Rupt-de-Vau-768x198.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-844\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nouveau lotissement \u00e0 Nouilly (quartier du Rupt de Vau). Photo de gauche : prise de vue \u00e0 partir du plateau de l&#8217;Ouvray (Nouilly) situ\u00e9 au sud Rupt de Vau, de l&#8217;autre c\u00f4t\u00e9 du ruisseau de Quarante. Photo de droite prise depuis le trac\u00e9 de l&#8217;ancienne ligne de chemin de fer allemand. Nouilly a vu sa population augmenter depuis 2010 (alors que celle de la m\u00e9tropole a baiss\u00e9). Ces nouveaux quartiers rurbains permettent \u00e0 des m\u00e9nages solvables de r\u00e9aliser leur r\u00eave : acqu\u00e9rir une maison avec jardin, dans un cadre agr\u00e9able, pas trop loin du lieu de travail, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire en ville. Certaines familles, bien implant\u00e9es dans le secteur du b\u00e2timent, souvent d&#8217;origine \u00e9trang\u00e8re, notamment turque (nous ne sommes pas loin de l&#8217;Allemagne), acqui\u00e8rent un terrain et construisent elle-m\u00eames leurs maisons. Photos : BdF, 24 ao\u00fbt 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parall\u00e8lement, comme indiqu\u00e9 dans l&#8217;article sur la ville de Metz<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand, <em>L&#8217;agglom\u00e9ration de Metz : pourquoi tant d&#8217;atouts si peu exploit\u00e9s<\/em>, le 13 ao\u00fbt 2019. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, le PIB non pas de la m\u00e9tropole de Metz mais celui de la r\u00e9gion Grand Est tout enti\u00e8re repr\u00e9sentait en 20<span style=\"color: #000000;\">15<\/span> uniquement 7% de la richesse nationale, \u00e0 comparer avec les 30% de la r\u00e9gion parisienne. Ce pourcentage francilien \u00e9tait de 20% vers 2010. La part de la principale m\u00e9tropole fran\u00e7aise continue donc \u00e0 cro\u00eetre et \u00e0 &#8220;englober&#8221; les activit\u00e9s des autres capitales r\u00e9gionales. Cette hyper-centralisation <em>\u00e0 la Louis XIV<\/em> n&#8217;est pas sans poser d&#8217;\u00e9normes questions sociales et environnementales.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Comme d\u00e9j\u00e0 indiqu\u00e9 dans mon pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent article sur Jouy-en-Josas, en Ile-de-France<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand, Risques et atouts de Jouy-en-Josas (Ile-de-France), le 2 juillet 2019. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/07\/02\/potentiels-vulnerabilite-jouy-en-josas\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/07\/02\/potentiels-vulnerabilite-jouy-en-josas\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs \u00e9conomiques et politiques, dans deux m\u00e9tropoles diff\u00e9rentes, participerait \u00e0 \u00e9quilibrer les tensions issues des demandes des habitants (p\u00e9ri)urbains et ruraux, non seulement \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale comme \u00e0 Metz, mais \u00e9galement \u00e0 celle de l&#8217;hexagone et de l&#8217;Europe. Favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique de Metz permettrait aux Messins de rester dans leur r\u00e9gion et leur lieu de r\u00e9sidence, que ce dernier soit en ville, en banlieue ou \u00e0 la campagne, et de ne pas se retrouver oblig\u00e9s de quitter les coteaux et rivi\u00e8res de leur joli pays <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Au sens local du terme, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire un espace de vie homog\u00e8ne qui peut, en plus de l&#8217;\u00e9chelle nationale, s&#8217;appliquer <em>\u00e0 une r\u00e9gion voire \u00e0 une commune<\/em>. On parle ainsi du <em>Pays de Metz<\/em>, qui correspond, grosso modo, \u00e0 l&#8217;arrondissement de Metz r\u00e9sultant lui-m\u00eame de la fusion des anciens arrondissements de Metz-ville et Metz-Campagne. Sources : BAUD Pascal, BOURGEAT Serge et BRAS Catherine, <em>Dictionnaire de g\u00e9ographie<\/em>, Paris, Hatier, 2003, p 141 et JOURNAL OFFICIEL, <span class=\"reference-text\">D\u00e9cret n\u00b02014-1721 du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2014, le 31 d\u00e9cembre 2014 (version consolid\u00e9e au 19 f\u00e9vrier 2015) <\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> pour aller s&#8217;entasser dans des logements minuscules ou bien dans des trains franciliens bond\u00e9s, sans compter les jours de gr\u00e8ve<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A titre de rappel, la ligne du RER A est la plus satur\u00e9e au monde et la derni\u00e8re gr\u00e8ve, \u00e0 la publication de cet article, datait seulement de trois jours<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliographie suppl\u00e9mentaire<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pierre, &#8220;Ma croisi\u00e8re en bateau solaire sur la Moselle \u00e0 Metz&#8221; in <em>Mon Grand-Est<\/em>, [vu le 16 septembre 2019]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/mon-grand-est.fr\/bateau-solaire-sur-la-moselle-metz\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mon-grand-est.fr\/bateau-solaire-sur-la-moselle-metz\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">GITES DE FRANCE-LORRAINE, <em>Le Pays de Metz<\/em>, [vu le 16 septembre 2019]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gites-de-france-lorraine.fr\/fr\/thematique\/58885a4619f00-le-pays-de-metz?capacity=1&amp;frontend=1&amp;campaign=178&amp;per_page=12&amp;page=1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.gites-de-france-lorraine.fr\/fr\/thematique\/58885a4619f00-le-pays-de-metz?capacity=1&amp;frontend=1&amp;campaign=178&amp;per_page=12&amp;page=1<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_855_1('footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">INSEE, <em>Arrondissement de Metz (579)<\/em>, [vu le 16 septembre 2019]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/metadonnees\/cog\/arrondissement\/ARR579-Metz\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/metadonnees\/cog\/arrondissement\/ARR579-Metz<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_855_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>[mapsmarker marker=&#8221;30&#8243;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_855_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_855_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_855_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_855_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Souvent, lorsqu&#8217;un quartier ou partie de quartier est d\u00e9clar\u00e9 en zone d&#8217;\u00e9ducation prioritaire, le premier r\u00e9flexe des parents qui le peuvent est justement faire changer d&#8217;\u00e9cole leurs enfants. Ainsi, ce qui se voulait \u00eatre une aide publique \u00e0 un territoire donn\u00e9 se r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00eatre une discrimination publique et un encouragement &#8211; involontaire? &#8211; \u00e0 concentrer les m\u00e9nages en difficult\u00e9 socio-\u00e9conomique et \u00e0 faire fuir les classes moyennes<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_2');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_4');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">MERLIN Pierre, <em>Les grands ensembles<\/em>, Paris, La Documentation fran\u00e7aise, 2010, p59<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cette charte, publi\u00e9e en 1941 par Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, dit Le Corbusier, repose essentiellement sur la notion de <em>fonctionalisme, <\/em>c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire que l&#8217;espace doit \u00eatre r\u00e9parti selon quatre fonctions majeures : habiter, travailler, circuler et se divertir (<em>se recr\u00e9er le corps et l&#8217;esprit<\/em>). Le logement est fourni par les cit\u00e9s HLM (Borny en l&#8217;occurence), le travail propos\u00e9 par les zones industrielles (usine Citro\u00ebn install\u00e9e dans le m\u00eame quartier en 1968), la circulation gr\u00e2ce aux (auto)routes urbaines (promulgu\u00e9es par Pompidou) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand, <em>L\u2019agglom\u00e9ration de Metz : pourquoi tant d\u2019atouts si peu exploit\u00e9s<\/em>, le 13 ao\u00fbt 2019. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">rapport Meadows ou &#8220;Halte \u00e0 la croissance&#8221; (traduction fran\u00e7aise) publi\u00e9 en 1971<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand, <em>L&#8217;agglom\u00e9ration de Metz : pourquoi tant d&#8217;atouts si peu exploit\u00e9s<\/em>, le 13 ao\u00fbt 2019. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/08\/13\/lagglomeration-de-metz-pourquoi-tant-datouts-si-peu-exploites\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">de FOUCAULD Bertrand, Risques et atouts de Jouy-en-Josas (Ile-de-France), le 2 juillet 2019. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/07\/02\/potentiels-vulnerabilite-jouy-en-josas\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/2019\/07\/02\/potentiels-vulnerabilite-jouy-en-josas\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Au sens local du terme, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire un espace de vie homog\u00e8ne qui peut, en plus de l&#8217;\u00e9chelle nationale, s&#8217;appliquer <em>\u00e0 une r\u00e9gion voire \u00e0 une commune<\/em>. On parle ainsi du <em>Pays de Metz<\/em>, qui correspond, grosso modo, \u00e0 l&#8217;arrondissement de Metz r\u00e9sultant lui-m\u00eame de la fusion des anciens arrondissements de Metz-ville et Metz-Campagne. Sources : BAUD Pascal, BOURGEAT Serge et BRAS Catherine, <em>Dictionnaire de g\u00e9ographie<\/em>, Paris, Hatier, 2003, p 141 et JOURNAL OFFICIEL, <span class=\"reference-text\">D\u00e9cret n\u00b02014-1721 du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2014, le 31 d\u00e9cembre 2014 (version consolid\u00e9e au 19 f\u00e9vrier 2015) <\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A titre de rappel, la ligne du RER A est la plus satur\u00e9e au monde et la derni\u00e8re gr\u00e8ve, \u00e0 la publication de cet article, datait seulement de trois jours<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pierre, &#8220;Ma croisi\u00e8re en bateau solaire sur la Moselle \u00e0 Metz&#8221; in <em>Mon Grand-Est<\/em>, [vu le 16 septembre 2019]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/mon-grand-est.fr\/bateau-solaire-sur-la-moselle-metz\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/mon-grand-est.fr\/bateau-solaire-sur-la-moselle-metz\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GITES DE FRANCE-LORRAINE, <em>Le Pays de Metz<\/em>, [vu le 16 septembre 2019]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gites-de-france-lorraine.fr\/fr\/thematique\/58885a4619f00-le-pays-de-metz?capacity=1&amp;frontend=1&amp;campaign=178&amp;per_page=12&amp;page=1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.gites-de-france-lorraine.fr\/fr\/thematique\/58885a4619f00-le-pays-de-metz?capacity=1&amp;frontend=1&amp;campaign=178&amp;per_page=12&amp;page=1<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_855_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_855_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_855_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">INSEE, <em>Arrondissement de Metz (579)<\/em>, [vu le 16 septembre 2019]. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/metadonnees\/cog\/arrondissement\/ARR579-Metz\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/metadonnees\/cog\/arrondissement\/ARR579-Metz<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_855_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_855_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_855_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_855_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_855_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_855_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_855_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_855_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_855_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_855_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_855_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_855_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - 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