{"id":897,"date":"2019-09-10T10:51:33","date_gmt":"2019-09-10T08:51:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/?p=897"},"modified":"2020-07-14T19:46:31","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T17:46:31","slug":"ile-aux-moines-brittany-france-which-answer-to-nature-and-man","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/09\/10\/ile-aux-moines-brittany-france-which-answer-to-nature-and-man\/","title":{"rendered":"Ile-aux-Moines (Brittany, France): Which Answer To Nature And Man? &#8211; Re-ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dear Contrib&#8217;Citizen,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This summer, the site will offer you to analyze different territories based on water and its use. This last element is prized for its playfulness in France. Its industrial stake unfortunately remains disdained, whether in the maritime domain &#8211; while all of France&#8217;s marine areas are the second in the world, just after the USA &#8211; or even in the fluvial sector with a potential that remains underused. Anyway, water, in addition to being a source of life, allows the development of entire economic fields such as sport\/leisure, tourism and international trade. But this element, and its direct or indirect anthropogenic exploitation, also involves risks: floods (as we have seen in various previous articles) but also erosions. To begin with, the re-edition of the article of last August 18th will allow readers to (re)immerse themselves in this problem of water erosion: for the contrib.city pioneers, a little revision never does wrong!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the texts to be published next, CC will show examples of erosion from different places: marine and river environments. The wear can come either directly from water, or from human activity linked to this resource: for example, a pretty Breton coast will have to both deal with the wear of the waves, especially during storms, and with visits from tourists who will use the coastal paths themselves. It will also be observed that the failure to take this natural phenomenon into account can lead to risks for human territorial development.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We will see, once again, that the question of floods can completely be coupled with that of a pandemic, as is the case in Mumbay.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Of course, contrib.city would like to suggest avenues of reflection so that we can manage each of our territories well, especially at the local level. CC <em>comments<\/em> function takes on its full meaning, especially today (Bastille Day) when we celebrate Human Rights, including Freedom of Expression: each reader is cordially invited to react, to offer his point of view and possible ideas and&nbsp; to use and embellish, in a harmonious way, our Blue Planet. So beautiful, so big and so complex and at the same time so fragile and so small, lost in the Milky Way.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Contrib&#8217;City wishes you a good read and a good trip!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Because of its insularity, this territory of only 310 hectares, but with more than 17 km of indented coastline, enjoys a very favorable situation in terms of tourism <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">1. Two sites present well the different touristic attractions of the Ile-aux-Moines (<em>Monks&#8217; Island<\/em> in French): <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/izenahgoud.fr<\/span> Gilles Ari\u00e9 (formerly the editor of the municipal gazette) and <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.mairie-ileauxmoines.fr\/accueil\/decouverte\/tourisme<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> but must also plan and invest in order to not to be swallowed up by a harsh nature during out-season, and a tidal wave of visitors in summer-time . <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">(Cover photo: Port-Miquel, shot from Brou\u00ebl headland (eastern side): the walls protect from the sea this old neighborhood, located in the heart of the village, BdF, December 29, 2015.)<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">1. Erosion By Natural Elements <\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Day after day, at each high tide, the Little Sea (Mor Bihan in Breton), coming from the ocean, cradle of life <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">2. The first forms of life on our planet appeared in the marine environment in the form of unicellular organisms, 4.6 billion years ago, during the Precambian era (-4.6 to -0.570 billion years ago<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, caresses the shores of the Ile-aux-Moines and bring new lights and poetic contours into the Gulf. Problem: these marine cuddlings, by their salty kisses, or their furious hugs, as during the Wolfgang storm <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">3. The Wolfgang storm has particularly hit the Breton coast with bursts of 51 knots (95 km \/ h) in the entry of the Gulf of Morbihan, and of 35 knots (65 km \/h) inside it<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> in the night of the 29th-30th of July 2019, use the granites, the sandy and earthy layers, in fact everything that forms the ground and that the geographer Jean DEMANGEOT calls <em>pedocenosis<\/em> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">4. <em>Pedo<\/em>, soil and <em>cenose<\/em>, common: DEMANGEOT Jean, <em>Les milieux &#8220;naturels&#8221; du globe<\/em> (The &#8220;natural&#8221; environments of the globe), Armand Collin, p 4.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This has two consequences: on the one hand, \u200b\u200bthe island area decreases &#8211; and the rise in sea level accentuates this tendancy <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">5. Some climatologists predict an average increase in the level of the sea \u200b\u200bof \u200b\u200b1 meter by 2100.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> &#8211; and on the other hand, certain elements of urbanism are found at risk in middle or long term. The typical case is the old house built near the shore with a coast that is getting closer and closer. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">But the sea is not the only factor of erosion.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_791\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-791\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-791 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Maison-bretonne-traditionnelle.-Brou\u00ebl.-1024x381.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Maison-bretonne-traditionnelle.-Brou\u00ebl.-1024x381.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Maison-bretonne-traditionnelle.-Brou\u00ebl.-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Maison-bretonne-traditionnelle.-Brou\u00ebl.-768x286.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-791\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Traditional Breton house on the tip of Brou\u00ebl. The protection of the coast is necessary because the stakes include not only &#8220;natural&#8221; elements such as the beach and vegetation (which itself fights against erosion), but also human amenities, reflections of a given culture, such as the dwellings. Photos: BdF, December 27, 2015 (left) and July 21, 2019 (right). <br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_795\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-795\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-795 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Vran-1024x372.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Vran-1024x372.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Vran-300x109.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Vran-768x279.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-795\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Left: Caverns dug by the sea. Vran Bay, Ile-aux-Moines. Right: Erosion of the coast, threatening the phytocenosis. Bois de la Ch\u00e8vre, Ile-aux-Moines. Photos: BdF, December 29, 2015.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_798\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-798\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-798 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Erosion-Baie-du-Vran-1024x499.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Erosion-Baie-du-Vran-1024x499.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Erosion-Baie-du-Vran-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Erosion-Baie-du-Vran-768x374.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-798\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Left: the vegetation, thanks to its roots, tries to fight against marine and wind erosion. Photo: BdF, Bois de la Ch\u00e8vre, Ile-aux-Moines, December 29, 2015. Right: Even a granite coast is not exempt from marine erosion. At comparable parameters, the latter will be just slower than with the one with a sandy component. Photo: BdF, Brouel Peninsula, 29\/12\/2015.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_803\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-803\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-803 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/V\u00e9liplanchistes-entre-lIle-aux-Moines-et-lIle-dArz-1024x381.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/V\u00e9liplanchistes-entre-lIle-aux-Moines-et-lIle-dArz-1024x381.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/V\u00e9liplanchistes-entre-lIle-aux-Moines-et-lIle-dArz-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/V\u00e9liplanchistes-entre-lIle-aux-Moines-et-lIle-dArz-768x286.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-803\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Windsurfers between Ile-aux-Moines and Ile d&#8217;Arz during the 8 and 9 August 2019 gale (gusts to 35 knots). One notices the &#8220;white horses&#8221;, that is to say the foam on the top of the waves, signs of strong winds, even inside the Gulf of Morbihan. These windy depressions enhance the erosion of sandy coasts (left photo) or even granitic (photo on the right). In addition to that, atmospheric depressions tend to increase the sea level. Photos taken from the eastern tip of Ile-aux-Moines <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">6. SERVICE HYDROGRAPHIQUE ET OCEANOGRAPHIQUE DE LA MARINE (SHOM), <em>Bilan des grandes mar\u00e9es et des effets de la d\u00e9pression les 1er et 2 f\u00e9vrier et incidence sur le niveau de la mer le long de la fa\u00e7ade atlantique fran\u00e7aise (<\/em>Assessment of high tides and effects of the depression on February 1st and 2nd and impact on the sea level along the French Atlantic coast), (February 2014?), [visited on 18\/08\/2019]. Available on: http: \/\/ refmar. shom.fr\/fr\/sea_level_news_2014\/t1\/bilan-grandes-marees-et-effets-depression-1-2-fevrier-incidence-niveau-mer<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1412\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1412\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1412 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Temp\u00eate-sur-le-Guerric-1024x494.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Temp\u00eate-sur-le-Guerric-1024x494.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Temp\u00eate-sur-le-Guerric-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Temp\u00eate-sur-le-Guerric-768x371.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storm over the Guerric Bay. Despite the fact that the bay wall exceeds by several meters the sea level, even at high tide, the foam of the waves, under the effect of the wind, manages to cross the granite dam. This gives a measure of the erosion faced by the coasts of the island. If we take into account the fact that the Gulf of Morbihan is relatively protected from the winds, we can imagine the force of erosion on the ocean coast. Photo : BdF, 6 septembre 2019. Film (BdF, 7 janvier 2018) : another tempest has been blowing without interuption for two weeks.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/studio.youtube.com\/video\/Dgi3T2geOXQ\/edit\">Tempest on the Guerric Bay<\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Wind and rain also play an important role in the evolution of the island ecosystem, especially in its built components. Indeed, the terrestrial channels of communication, for the transport of not only the permanent inhabitants or holiday-makers (or the secondary residences dwellers), or the daily visitors, but also for the goods necessary to daily life, represent a vital equipment to the Island. Wind, rain, and thermal erosions <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Even though the differences in temperature are moderate because we are in an oceanic climate, they still cause dilatation and contraction of the materials that are likely to be driven by the rains.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> damage roads and paths.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">2. Tourist Impacts <\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">If tourism is likely to generate revenues, whose potential is not always exploited at best and not necessarily managed in a very fair way <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">9. The shuttle service between the island and the mainland is the big winner in the Ile-aux-Moines tourism, but the souvenir shops are very much dependent on the weather and the economics, which means that a secondary resident, or a daily visitor, will almost certainly take the shuttle. But nothing can force him to buy a book or a &#8220;Breton&#8221; bowl.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, it also leads to the wearing away of green spaces and amenities. Indeed, to natural erosion, one must add the one caused by the passage of people and vehicles. The coastal footpath, for example, is a small track that goes around Ile-aux-Moines (with some interruptions). If it can very well accommodate a few casual walkers, it will not withstand the daily passage of dozens of tourists: the hammering of shoes, the possible use of walking sticks without rubber protections, the alteration of hedges protecting the path from marine winds, rain and erosion, and finally the rejection of waste. One must not forget that a tourist activity necessarily leaves rubbish. The public awareness aims to reduce the presence of the latter but it would be unrealistic to bet on a 100% obedience of walkers to the rules of environmental protection, until proven otherwise. Waste also refers to the management of these discharges, therefore a cost that is mainly borne by the municipality, responsible for site management and ad hoc local development (10. <span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00ab Entretenir un r\u00e9seau de sentiers ouverts au public \u00bb in <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><i>Plans de gestion du Conservatoire du littoral &#8211; Site des landes et prairies de l\u2019\u00cele-aux-Moines \u2013 Morbihan<\/i><\/span> (&#8220;Maintaining a network of trails open to the public&#8221; in Coastline Planning Authorities &#8211;&nbsp; Ile-aux-Moines \/ Morbihan heaths and meadows zone, CONSERVATOIRE DU LITTORAL, November 2017, accessed 17\/08\/2019 [Available on:] file: \/\/\/ C: \/ Users \/ Home \/ AppData \/ Local \/ Temp \/ Site-Management-Plan-of-Landes-and-Meadows-of-Ile-aux-Moines-56-.pdf &#8211; cf also: www.conservatoire-du-littoral. fr \/, accessed 17\/08\/2019.)).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">3. The Answers <\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">To protect the island from natural erosion, and as we saw above, the <em>Conservatoire du littoral<\/em> took care to preserve the hedges of the coastal footpath, even if it means to build some when they did not exist, as one can see it on the beach between the islands of Brouel and the Bois de la Ch\u00e8vre.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_806\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-806\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-806 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Voies-de-communication-\u00e0-lIAM-1024x324.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Voies-de-communication-\u00e0-lIAM-1024x324.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Voies-de-communication-\u00e0-lIAM-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Voies-de-communication-\u00e0-lIAM-768x243.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-806\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Left: signpost in front of a hedge of the coastal path. Vran Bay. Photo: BdF, April 16, 2017. Right: The municipal road of Brouel, before its partial renovation (between the town and the chapel of Guerric, at the entrance of the bay). One can notice the wearing away of the coating. The vegetated edges of the road, stonewalls or simple elevations of earth, participate in the protection of the road. Photo: BdF, July 30, 2017.<\/span><span id=\"tw-spkr-button\" class=\"tw-menu-btn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" data-action-target=\"target\" aria-label=\"Text to speech\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjzq9mm3sXkAhXoz4UKHZdNCEwQ8DQwAHoECAoQDg\"><\/span><span id=\"tw-cpy-btn\" class=\"tw-menu-btn\" tabindex=\"0\" title=\"Copier\" role=\"button\" data-action-target=\"target\" aria-label=\"Copy text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjzq9mm3sXkAhXoz4UKHZdNCEwQ69UBMAB6BAgKEA8\"><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">In order to preserve the coastline from the erosion of the sea, stonewalls, veritable sea dikes, were built in the past and still remain today. The wall traversing the Guerric Bay is a perfect example: it protects the beach by preventing it from backing up and the Brouel road which allows the public and vehicles (including delivery or construction trucks) to go from the port to the eastern headland of Ile-aux-Moines. Finally, this development of the coast guarantees the durability of the houses and the chapel located along this stretch of road. As such, the creation of future portions, still to be built, of the coastal footpath can be a good opportunity for planning the coastline and preserve it from marine erosion. Indeed, the construction of a seadike, where possible and geographically relevant, would both offer to visitors a beautiful view of the Gulf, provide a solid, and above all repairable or replaceable, barrier, all by diminishing the intrusive caracteristic that the footpath may represent in some real estates. Without a lack of facilities that allow walkers to go dryfoot, that is to say above the level reached by the sea at high tide, with the highest coefficient, the municipality will have no other choice than to settle the coastal track in the some private properties. Emmanuel Cueff, resident of Ile-aux-Moines, bitterly experienced this bitter when he saw his legal request to circumvent the path rejected by the local Administrative Court (in summary) in August 2010. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_897_1('footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">11. &#8220;Coastal Footpath. Judge rejects Emmanuel Cueff&#8217;s request&#8221; in <em>Le T\u00e9l\u00e9gramme<\/em>, September 3, 2010, [visited on the 17\/08\/2019]. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.letelegramme.fr\/local\/morbihan\/vannes-auray\/cantonvannes\/<\/span> \u00cele-aux-Moines \/ coastal path-it-judge rejects request-la-d-emmanuel-Cueff-03-09-2010-1037621.php # hYX7I1pFzUW3AjlK.99<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_897_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-807\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-807 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Guerric-2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Guerric-2-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Guerric-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Baie-du-Guerric-2-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Stone wall of the Guerric Bay. Houses on the south side of the road can be seen. Photo: BdF, July 30th, 2017<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_662\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-662\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-662 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Carte-IGN-Digue-Baie-du-Guerric-Ile-aux-Moines-1024x592.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Carte-IGN-Digue-Baie-du-Guerric-Ile-aux-Moines-1024x592.png 1024w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Carte-IGN-Digue-Baie-du-Guerric-Ile-aux-Moines-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Carte-IGN-Digue-Baie-du-Guerric-Ile-aux-Moines-768x444.png 768w, https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Carte-IGN-Digue-Baie-du-Guerric-Ile-aux-Moines.png 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-662\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">Detailed map of the Guerric Bay, east of Ile-aux-Moines. The dike follows the part of the road that is exposed to the north wind. The south side of the road is bordered all along with houses, some of which have a traditional Breton architecture.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\"><span tabindex=\"0\" lang=\"en\">A more peaceful and longer-term solution would be a kind of partnership between the municipality and the landlords to share the construction and management costs of the stone dikes when they are located in the properties and therefore outside the public domain. These dykes would benefit the entire town by avoiding its territory, very exposed to the sea, to reduce and spare it from seeing its amenities, such as the footpath precisely, threatened by natural elements. The lines of communication, and especially the roads, suffer from chaotic management. The secondary D316A road crosses the island from the seaport to the market place. Then the road divides into communal ones and therefore depend on the budget &#8211; and the management &#8211; of the local Town Hall. These public equipments, a real extension of the island spine that begins with the port and the secondary road, must be considered as priorities to allow the flow of people and goods &#8211; and therefore daily life &#8211; into the Ile-aux-Moines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Traduction\">[scu name=\"map\"]<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_897_1();\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_897_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_897_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_897_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">1. Two sites present well the different touristic attractions of the Ile-aux-Moines (<em>Monks&#8217; Island<\/em> in French): <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/izenahgoud.fr<\/span> Gilles Ari\u00e9 (formerly the editor of the municipal gazette) and <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.mairie-ileauxmoines.fr\/accueil\/decouverte\/tourisme<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">2. The first forms of life on our planet appeared in the marine environment in the form of unicellular organisms, 4.6 billion years ago, during the Precambian era (-4.6 to -0.570 billion years ago<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">3. The Wolfgang storm has particularly hit the Breton coast with bursts of 51 knots (95 km \/ h) in the entry of the Gulf of Morbihan, and of 35 knots (65 km \/h) inside it<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">4. <em>Pedo<\/em>, soil and <em>cenose<\/em>, common: DEMANGEOT Jean, <em>Les milieux &#8220;naturels&#8221; du globe<\/em> (The &#8220;natural&#8221; environments of the globe), Armand Collin, p 4.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">5. Some climatologists predict an average increase in the level of the sea \u200b\u200bof \u200b\u200b1 meter by 2100.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">6. SERVICE HYDROGRAPHIQUE ET OCEANOGRAPHIQUE DE LA MARINE (SHOM), <em>Bilan des grandes mar\u00e9es et des effets de la d\u00e9pression les 1er et 2 f\u00e9vrier et incidence sur le niveau de la mer le long de la fa\u00e7ade atlantique fran\u00e7aise (<\/em>Assessment of high tides and effects of the depression on February 1st and 2nd and impact on the sea level along the French Atlantic coast), (February 2014?), [visited on 18\/08\/2019]. Available on: http: \/\/ refmar. shom.fr\/fr\/sea_level_news_2014\/t1\/bilan-grandes-marees-et-effets-depression-1-2-fevrier-incidence-niveau-mer<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Even though the differences in temperature are moderate because we are in an oceanic climate, they still cause dilatation and contraction of the materials that are likely to be driven by the rains.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">9. The shuttle service between the island and the mainland is the big winner in the Ile-aux-Moines tourism, but the souvenir shops are very much dependent on the weather and the economics, which means that a secondary resident, or a daily visitor, will almost certainly take the shuttle. But nothing can force him to buy a book or a &#8220;Breton&#8221; bowl.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_897_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_897_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">11. &#8220;Coastal Footpath. Judge rejects Emmanuel Cueff&#8217;s request&#8221; in <em>Le T\u00e9l\u00e9gramme<\/em>, September 3, 2010, [visited on the 17\/08\/2019]. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.letelegramme.fr\/local\/morbihan\/vannes-auray\/cantonvannes\/<\/span> \u00cele-aux-Moines \/ coastal path-it-judge rejects request-la-d-emmanuel-Cueff-03-09-2010-1037621.php # hYX7I1pFzUW3AjlK.99<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_897_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_897_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_897_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_897_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_897_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_897_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_897_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_897_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_897_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_897_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_897_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_897_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_897_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_897_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dear Contrib&#8217;Citizen, This summer, the site will offer you to analyze different territories based on water and its use. This<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":659,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environnement_en","category-urbanisme_en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ile-aux-Moines (Brittany, France): Which Answer To Nature And Man? - Re-ed - ContribCity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/09\/10\/ile-aux-moines-brittany-france-which-answer-to-nature-and-man\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ile-aux-Moines (Brittany, France): Which Answer To Nature And Man? - Re-ed - ContribCity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dear Contrib&#8217;Citizen, This summer, the site will offer you to analyze different territories based on water and its use. This\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/09\/10\/ile-aux-moines-brittany-france-which-answer-to-nature-and-man\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ContribCity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-09-10T08:51:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-07-14T17:46:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/2015-12-27-Ile-aux-Moines-58-1024x677.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"677\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bertrand de Foucauld\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bertrand de Foucauld\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/09\/10\/ile-aux-moines-brittany-france-which-answer-to-nature-and-man\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/index.php\/en\/2019\/09\/10\/ile-aux-moines-brittany-france-which-answer-to-nature-and-man\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Bertrand de Foucauld\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/contrib.city\/#\/schema\/person\/ec389c5a78a37ccaee4e8ce098099db5\"},\"headline\":\"Ile-aux-Moines (Brittany, France): Which Answer To Nature And Man? 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